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Ionic Strength: Effects on Chemical Equilibria01:19

Ionic Strength: Effects on Chemical Equilibria

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The addition of an inert ionic compound increases the solubility of a sparingly soluble salt. For example, adding potassium nitrate to a saturated solution of calcium sulfate significantly enhances the solubility of calcium sulfate. Le Châtelier's principle cannot predict this shift in the equilibrium. Instead, this could be explained in terms of changes in the effective concentration of the ions in solution in the presence of added inert salt.
In this solution, the primary...
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Ionic Bonding and Electron Transfer02:48

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Ions are atoms or molecules bearing an electrical charge. A cation (a positive ion) forms when a neutral atom loses one or more electrons from its valence shell, and an anion (a negative ion) forms when a neutral atom gains one or more electrons in its valence shell. Compounds composed of ions are called ionic compounds (or salts), and their constituent ions are held together by ionic bonds: electrostatic forces of attraction between oppositely charged cations and anions. 
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Formation of Complex Ions03:45

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A type of Lewis acid-base chemistry involves the formation of a complex ion (or a coordination complex) comprising a central atom, typically a transition metal cation, surrounded by ions or molecules called ligands. These ligands can be neutral molecules like H2O or NH3, or ions such as CN− or OH−. Often, the ligands act as Lewis bases, donating a pair of electrons to the central atom. These types of Lewis acid-base reactions are examples of a broad subdiscipline called coordination...
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Ionic Strength: Overview01:12

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The ionic strength of a solution is a quantitative way of expressing the total electrolyte concentration of a solution. This concept was first introduced in 1921 by two American physical chemists, Gilbert N. Lewis and Merle Randall, while describing the activity coefficient of strong electrolytes. During the calculation of ionic strength (I or μ), all the cations and anions are considered. However, the concentration (c) of an ion with a greater charge number (z) has a greater contribution...
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Overview
When atoms gain or lose electrons to achieve a more stable electron configuration they form ions. Ionic bonds are electrostatic attractions between ions with opposite charges. Ionic compounds are rigid and brittle when solid and may dissociate into their constituent ions in water. Covalent compounds, by contrast, remain intact unless a chemical reaction breaks them.
Opposing Charges Hold Ions Together in Ionic Compounds
Ionic bonds are reversible electrostatic interactions between ions...
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Theory of Metallic Conduction01:17

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The conduction of free electrons inside a conductor is best described by quantum mechanics. However, a classical model makes predictions close to the results of quantum mechanics. It is called the theory of metallic conduction.
In this theory, Newton's second law of motion is used to determine the acceleration of an electron in the presence of an applied electric field. Then, its velocity is expressed via this acceleration.
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Mecanismo de alta entropía para aumentar la conductividad iónica

Yan Zeng1, Bin Ouyang1,2,3, Jue Liu4

  • 1Materials Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA.

Science (New York, N.Y.)
|December 22, 2022
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Los materiales de alta entropía aumentan significativamente la conductividad iónica en electrolitos sólidos para baterías avanzadas. Este avance mejora la sintetizabilidad y reduce la dependencia de sustancias químicas específicas para las baterías de estado sólido.

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Área de la Ciencia:

  • Ciencias de los materiales
  • La electroquímica
  • Baterías de estado sólido

Sus antecedentes:

  • Las baterías de estado sólido requieren electrolitos sólidos eficientes para mejorar la seguridad y el rendimiento.
  • Las estructuras conductoras superiónicas son clave para el avance de la tecnología de electrolitos sólidos.

Objetivo del estudio:

  • Investigar el impacto de las mezclas de cationes metálicos de alta entropía en la conductividad iónica en electrolitos sólidos.
  • Demostrar una mayor sintetizabilidad y una especificidad química reducida mediante un diseño de alta entropía.

Principales métodos:

  • Incorporación de mezclas de cationes metálicos de alta entropía en estructuras de conductores superiónicos.
  • Verificación experimental de la conductividad iónica en los materiales modificados Li-NASICON, Na-NASICON y Li-garnet.
  • Análisis de las distorsiones locales y las vías de percolación de iones alcalinos.

Principales resultados:

  • La alta entropía conduce a un aumento de órdenes de magnitud en la conductividad iónica.
  • Se ha observado una mayor conductividad iónica en las estructuras superiónicas de litio (Li) - sodio (Na) (Li-NASICON), Na-NASICON y Li-garnet.
  • Las distorsiones locales facilitan la percolación de baja energía de activación para los iones alcalinos.

Conclusiones:

  • La ingeniería de alta entropía es una estrategia prometedora para diseñar electrolitos sólidos superiores.
  • Este enfoque ofrece una vía para superar las limitaciones de las químicas sólidas de electrolitos tradicionales.
  • Proporciona ideas para el diseño de nuevos conductores superiónicos de alta entropía.