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Catalysis02:50

Catalysis

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The presence of a catalyst affects the rate of a chemical reaction. A catalyst is a substance that can increase the reaction rate without being consumed during the process. A basic comprehension of a catalysts’ role during chemical reactions can be understood from the concept of reaction mechanisms and energy diagrams.
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Reduction of Alkenes: Asymmetric Catalytic Hydrogenation02:17

Reduction of Alkenes: Asymmetric Catalytic Hydrogenation

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Catalytic hydrogenation of alkenes is a transition-metal catalyzed reduction of the double bond using molecular hydrogen to give alkanes. The mode of hydrogen addition follows syn stereochemistry.
The metal catalyst used can be either heterogeneous or homogeneous. When hydrogenation of an alkene generates a chiral center, a pair of enantiomeric products is expected to form. However, an enantiomeric excess of one of the products can be facilitated using an enantioselective reaction or an...
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Oxymercuration-Reduction of Alkenes02:36

Oxymercuration-Reduction of Alkenes

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Oxymercuration–reduction of alkenes is one of the major reactions converting alkenes to alcohols. It involves the hydration of alkenes with mercuric acetate in a mixture of tetrahydrofuran and water, forming an organomercury adduct. This is followed by a demercuration step in which the adduct is reduced to an alcohol using sodium borohydride.
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Radical Anti-Markovnikov Addition to Alkenes: Overview01:25

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The addition of hydrogen bromide to alkenes in the presence of hydroperoxides or peroxides proceeds via an anti-Markovnikov pathway and yields alkyl bromides.
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Alkenes are converted to 1,2-diols or glycols through a process called dihydroxylation. It involves the addition of two hydroxyl groups across the double bond with two different stereochemical approaches, namely anti and syn. Dihydroxylation using osmium tetroxide progresses with syn stereochemistry.
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Reduction of Alkenes: Catalytic Hydrogenation02:13

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Alkenes undergo reduction by the addition of molecular hydrogen to give alkanes. Because the process generally occurs in the presence of a transition-metal catalyst, the reaction is called catalytic hydrogenation.
Metals like palladium, platinum, and nickel are commonly used in their solid forms — fine powder on an inert surface. As these catalysts remain insoluble in the reaction mixture, they are referred to as heterogeneous catalysts.
The hydrogenation process takes place on the...
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Oxidación selectiva del metano mediante catalizadores de iridio heterogeneizados

Haoyi Li1, Muchun Fei1, Jennifer L Troiano2,3

  • 1Department of Chemistry, Boston College, Chestnut Hill, Massachusetts 02467, United States.

Journal of the American Chemical Society
|January 3, 2023
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Este estudio demuestra un nuevo método para la carbonilación oxidativa del metano utilizando catalizadores de iridio inmovilizados. El catalizador

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Área de la Ciencia:

  • Catálisis
  • Química organometálica
  • Ciencias de los materiales

Sus antecedentes:

  • La carbonilación oxidativa del metano ofrece una vía directa a oxigenados valiosos como el ácido acético.
  • El desarrollo de catalizadores eficientes y reutilizables para la conversión de metano sigue siendo un desafío importante en la síntesis química.

Objetivo del estudio:

  • Informar sobre una estrategia para la carbonilación oxidativa del metano utilizando complejos de iridio inmovilizados.
  • Investigar el papel del estado de oxidación del iridio en la selectividad del producto.

Principales métodos:

  • Inmovilización de complejos de iridio en un soporte de óxido para la activación de metano.
  • Ajuste de la electrofilicidad de los grupos carbonilo mediante el control de la reducción del centro de iridio.
  • Caracterización del rendimiento del catalizador y distribución del producto.

Principales resultados:

  • El catalizador de iridio inmovilizado permite la activación y carbonilación directas del metano.
  • El catalizador facilita la separación y la reutilización, mejorando la sostenibilidad del proceso.
  • El catalizador envejecido (Ir(IV)) favorece la producción de ácido acético, mientras que el catalizador reducido (Ir(III)) aumenta la producción de metanol.

Conclusiones:

  • Los complejos de iridio inmovilizados proporcionan un sistema eficaz para la carbonilación oxidativa del metano.
  • El diseño del catalizador y el control del estado de oxidación del iridio son cruciales para dirigir la selectividad del producto.
  • Este enfoque ofrece una vía prometedora para la síntesis sostenible de compuestos oxigenados a partir del metano.