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Convertir los residuos plásticos en nafta para cerrar el ciclo del plástico

Lin Li1,2, Hu Luo1, Zilong Shao1,2

  • 1CAS Key Laboratory of Low-Carbon Conversion Science and Engineering, Shanghai Advanced Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201210, People's Republic of China.

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Este estudio convierte el polietileno de baja densidad (LDPE) en nafta, un componente crucial para los nuevos plásticos. Este método de reciclaje de plástico ofrece un importante ahorro de energía y una reducción de las emisiones, lo que ayuda a la economía circular.

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Área de la Ciencia:

  • Ingeniería Química
  • Ciencias de los materiales
  • Ciencias del medio ambiente

Sus antecedentes:

  • La contaminación por plásticos plantea un importante desafío medioambiental y genera un importante desperdicio de recursos.
  • El desarrollo de métodos eficaces para el reciclado del plástico es crucial para la gestión sostenible de los recursos y la reducción del impacto ambiental.

Objetivo del estudio:

  • Informar sobre una conversión catalítica en tándem de polietileno de baja densidad (LDPE) en nafta.
  • Establecer la nafta como una materia prima clave para la producción de plástico renovable.
  • Evaluar la eficiencia y los beneficios medioambientales de este proceso de conversión de plástico.

Principales métodos:

  • Se utilizó un sistema catalítico en tándem compuesto por β-zeolita y nanopartículas Pt-1 encapsuladas (Pt@S-1).
  • Se realizó la conversión de LDPE a 250 °C.
  • Analizó los pasos de agrietamiento e hidrogenación dentro de la estructura del catalizador Pt@S-1.

Principales resultados:

  • Se obtiene un rendimiento de nafta del 89,5% con una alta selectividad (96,8%) para los hidrocarburos C5-C9.
  • Se demostró que los sitios ácidos rompen el LDPE en productos intermedios de olefinas, que luego son hidrogenados por nanopartículas de Pt.
  • Se observó una rápida difusión dentro de los canales del catalizador, promoviendo la formación de alcanos estrechamente distribuidos.

Conclusiones:

  • La conversión catalítica en tándem de LDPE en nafta es una estrategia eficaz para el reciclaje de plástico.
  • Este proceso es adecuado para cerrar el circuito plástico, contribuyendo a una economía circular.
  • El método ofrece importantes beneficios ambientales, incluido un ahorro de energía del 15% y una reducción del 30% de las emisiones de gases de efecto invernadero.