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Los impulsores y los impactos de la degradación de los bosques amazónicos
David M Lapola1, Patricia Pinho2, Jos Barlow3
1Laboratório de Ciência do Sistema Terrestre - LabTerra, Centro de Pesquisas Meteorológicas e Climáticas Aplicadas à Agricultura - CEPAGRI, Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Campinas, SP, Brazil.
Science (New York, N.Y.)
|January 26, 2023
Resumen
La degradación de los bosques amazónicos afecta al 38% de los bosques restantes, emitiendo carbono significativo comparable a la deforestación. Esta degradación tiene un impacto en la biodiversidad y causa cargas socioeconómicas, lo que requiere políticas de conservación integradas.
Área de la Ciencia:
- Ecología
- Ciencias del clima
- Ciencias del medio ambiente
Sus antecedentes:
- La degradación de los bosques amazónicos abarca 2,5 millones de km2, lo que afecta al 38% de los bosques de la región.
- Los factores de degradación incluyen el fuego, los efectos de borde, la extracción de madera y la sequía extrema.
- Esta degradación contribuye significativamente a las emisiones de carbono y a la alteración del ecosistema.
Objetivo del estudio:
- Cuantificar el impacto de la degradación del bosque amazónico en las emisiones de carbono.
- Evaluar las consecuencias ecológicas, incluida la evapotranspiración y la pérdida de biodiversidad.
- Evaluar las cargas socioeconómicas y proyectar las tendencias futuras de las emisiones.
Principales métodos:
- Cuantificó las emisiones de carbono de la degradación y las comparó con las tasas de deforestación.
- Cambios evaluados en la evapotranspiración durante la estación seca.
- Se analizó la pérdida de biodiversidad y los impactos socioeconómicos.
Principales resultados:
- La degradación de los bosques emite hasta 0,2 petagramos de carbono por año (Pg C año-1), lo que rivaliza con las emisiones de deforestación (0,060,21 Pg C año-1).
- La degradación puede reducir la evapotranspiración de la estación seca hasta en un 34%.
- La pérdida de biodiversidad por degradación es comparable a la deforestación en paisajes modificados, que afecta desproporcionadamente a los habitantes de los bosques.
Conclusiones:
- La degradación de los bosques es una fuente importante y persistente de emisiones de carbono en la Amazonía, independientemente de las tasas de deforestación.
- Las políticas integradas que abordan tanto la deforestación como la degradación son cruciales.
- Se necesitan medidas innovadoras dirigidas a perturbaciones específicas de la degradación para una conservación efectiva.
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