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Transferencia de impulso de la misión DART impacto cinético en el asteroide Dimorphos
Andrew F Cheng1, Harrison F Agrusa2, Brent W Barbee3
1Applied Physics Laboratory, Johns Hopkins University, Laurel, MD, USA. andy.cheng@jhuapl.edu.
Nature
|March 1, 2023
Resumen
La misión de prueba de redirección doble de asteroides (DART) de la NASA demostró con éxito la desviación de asteroides. El impacto cinético en Dimorphos generó eyecciones, mejorando significativamente la transferencia de impulso para la defensa planetaria.
Área de la Ciencia:
- Ciencias planetarias
- La astrofísica
- Ingeniería Aeroespacial
Sus antecedentes:
- La misión de prueba de redirección de asteroides dobles (DART) de la NASA fue diseñada como una prueba de defensa planetaria.
- Implicó un impacto cinético en el asteroide Dimorphos, la luna del asteroide binario Didymos.
- Esta misión representó el primer experimento de impacto de hipervelocidad en un asteroide a escalas relevantes para la defensa planetaria.
Objetivo del estudio:
- Para validar el impacto cinético como un método viable para la desviación de asteroides.
- Para cuantificar el momento transferido a un asteroide durante un evento de impacto cinético.
- Para evaluar la efectividad de la misión DART en alterar la trayectoria de un asteroide.
Principales métodos:
- Análisis del cambio en el período de la órbita binaria del sistema Didymos después del impacto.
- Cálculo del cambio instantáneo en la velocidad orbital de Dimorphos a lo largo de la pista.
- Determinación del factor de mejora del momento (β) basado en el retroceso de la eyección y la densidad del asteroide.
Principales resultados:
- Se midió una reducción instantánea en el componente de velocidad orbital de Dimorphos de 2,70 ± 0,10 mm/s.
- Se encontró que el factor de mejora del momento (β) oscila entre 2,2 y 4,9, dependiendo de la masa y la densidad de Dimorphos.
- Estos resultados indican una transferencia de impulso significativamente mayor desde la eyección que el impulso incidente de la nave espacial DART.
Conclusiones:
- El impacto cinético DART fue muy eficaz para desviar el asteroide Dimorphos.
- El retroceso generado por el impacto ejecta jugó un papel crucial en la mejora de la transferencia de impulso.
- Los hallazgos validan la técnica de impacto cinético como una estrategia prometedora para la desviación de asteroides y la defensa planetaria.
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