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Whether solid, liquid, or gas, a substance's state depends on the order and arrangement of its particles (atoms, molecules, or ions). Particles in the solid pack closely together, generally in a pattern. The particles vibrate about their fixed positions but do not move or squeeze past their neighbors. In liquids, although the particles are closely spaced, they are randomly arranged. The position of the particles are not fixed—that is, they are free to move past their neighbors to...
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Heating a crystalline solid increases the average energy of its atoms, molecules, or ions, and the solid gets hotter. At some point, the added energy becomes large enough to partially overcome the forces holding the molecules or ions of the solid in their fixed positions, and the solid begins the process of transitioning to the liquid state or melting. At this point, the temperature of the solid stops rising, despite the continual input of heat, and it remains constant until all of the solid is...
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Phase Transitions: Sublimation and Deposition02:33

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Some solids can transition directly into the gaseous state, bypassing the liquid state, via a process known as sublimation. At room temperature and standard pressure, a piece of dry ice (solid CO2) sublimes, appearing to gradually disappear without ever forming any liquid. Snow and ice sublimate at temperatures below the melting point of water, a slow process that may be accelerated by winds and the reduced atmospheric pressures at high altitudes. When solid iodine is warmed, the solid sublimes...
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The physical form of a substance changes on changing its temperature. For example, raising the temperature of a liquid causes the liquid to vaporize (convert into vapor). The process is called vaporization—a surface phenomenon. Vaporization occurs when the thermal motion of the molecules overcome the intermolecular forces, and the molecules (at the surface) escape into the gaseous state. When a liquid vaporizes in a closed container, gas molecules cannot escape. As these gas phase...
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Phase transitions play an important theoretical and practical role in the study of heat flow. In melting or fusion, a solid turns into a liquid; the opposite process is freezing. In evaporation, a liquid turns into a gas; the opposite process is condensation.
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The phase of a given substance depends on the pressure and temperature. Thus, plots of pressure versus temperature showing the phase in each region provide considerable insights into the thermal properties of substances. Such plots are known as phase diagrams. For instance, in the phase diagram for water (Figure 1), the solid curve boundaries between the phases indicate phase transitions (i.e., temperatures and pressures at which the phases coexist).
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Transiciones de fase sin difusión reversibles en superredes de nanopartículas 3D

Daryl W Yee1, Margaret S Lee1, Joyce An1

  • 1Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States.

Journal of the American Chemical Society
|March 10, 2023
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Resumen
Este resumen es generado por máquina.

Las nanopartículas poliméricas injertadas con pincel forman superredes ordenadas. Los investigadores descubrieron una transición de fase reversible entre las estructuras cúbicas centradas en la cara y las estructuras cúbicas centradas en el cuerpo, lo que permite el control de la microestructura.

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Área de la Ciencia:

  • Ciencias de los materiales
  • Nanotecnología
  • La cristalografía

Sus antecedentes:

  • Los tectones nanocompuestos (NCTs) son nanopartículas poliméricas injertadas con pincel que se autoensamblan en superredes de nanopartículas ordenadas (NPSL) a través de interacciones supramoleculares.
  • El recocido térmico generalmente conduce a simetrías de células unitarias bien definidas en NPSL.

Objetivo del estudio:

  • Demostrar el control de la microestructura de la red NCT equilibrando los factores entálpicos y entrópicos durante la cristalización.
  • Investigar el comportamiento de transición de fase de los TNC en respuesta a los cambios inducidos por el disolvente en la conformación del pincel de polímero.

Principales métodos:

  • Ensamblaje de sistemas NCT unarios que utilizan moléculas pequeñas para mediar enlaces supramoleculares.
  • Inducción de transiciones de fase mediante la transferencia de celosías FCC a disolventes que causan el colapso del pincel de polímero.
  • Caracterización de las características microstruturales, incluido el hermanamiento de transformación.

Principales resultados:

  • Las NCT forman inicialmente redes cúbicas centradas en la cara (FCC) en disolventes favorables.
  • Una transición de fase reversible y sin difusión de FCC a celosías cúbicas centradas en el cuerpo (BCC) se produce al transferirse a un disolvente colapsado.
  • Las superredes BCC exhiben gemelado de transformación, similar a las aleaciones martensíticas, mientras conservan el hábito de cristal FCC.

Conclusiones:

  • El control de la microestructura de NPSL se puede lograr manipulando las condiciones de ensamblaje y procesamiento.
  • La transformación de fase sin difusión observada ofrece un nuevo mecanismo para crear microestructuras únicas en ensamblajes de nanopartículas.
  • Las NPSL pueden servir como sistemas modelo para el estudio de la evolución de las microestructuras y como análogos para los materiales cristalinos atómicos.