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Videos de Conceptos Relacionados

Radical Chain-Growth Polymerization: Overview01:10

Radical Chain-Growth Polymerization: Overview

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Chain-growth or addition polymerization is successive addition reactions of monomers with a polymer chain. In radical chain-growth polymerization, the reaction proceeds via a free-radical intermediate. The free radical is formed from radical initiators, which spontaneously generate free radicals by homolytic fission. Organic peroxides (such as dibenzoyl peroxide, as shown in Figure 1) or azo compounds are popular radical initiators. A low concentration ratio of radical initiator to monomer is...
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Radical Chain-Growth Polymerization: Mechanism01:09

Radical Chain-Growth Polymerization: Mechanism

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The radical chain-growth polymerization mechanism consists of three steps: initiation, propagation, and termination of polymerization. The polymerization initiates when a free radical generated from the radical initiator adds to the unsaturated bond in the monomer. The unpaired electron of the free radical and one π electron in the unsaturated bond creates a σ bond between the free radical and the monomer. As a result, the other π electron in the unsaturated bond converts this...
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Olefin Metathesis Polymerization: Ring-Opening Metathesis Polymerization (ROMP)01:16

Olefin Metathesis Polymerization: Ring-Opening Metathesis Polymerization (ROMP)

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Ring-opening metathesis polymerization or ROMP involves strained cycloalkenes as starting materials. The mechanism of ROMP proceeds by reacting cycloalkene with Grubbs catalyst to give metallacyclobutane intermediate which undergoes a ring-opening reaction to form new carbene. The new carbene reacts with another molecule of cycloalkene. Repetition of these steps leads to the formation of an unsaturated open-chain polymer product. All these steps are reversible, however, relieving the ring...
2.7K
Free-Radical Chain Reaction and Polymerization of Alkenes02:35

Free-Radical Chain Reaction and Polymerization of Alkenes

8.0K
The conversion of alkenes to macromolecules called polymers is a reaction of high commercial importance. The structure of the polymer is defined by a repeating unit, while the terminal groups are considered insignificant. The average degree of polymerization represents the number of repeating units in the polymer molecule and is denoted by the subscript n.
8.0K
Radical Chain-Growth Polymerization: Chain Branching01:17

Radical Chain-Growth Polymerization: Chain Branching

2.0K
The skeletal structure of polymers synthesized via radical polymerization is always branched. For example, the polymerization of ethylene by radical polymerization results in a low-density grade of polyethylene with a heavily branched skeletal structure. Here, the radical site abstracts hydrogen from the growing chain, and the radical site shifts from the end (a primary carbon center) to anywhere within the growing chain (a secondary carbon center). Consequently, the part of the chain from the...
2.0K
Cationic Chain-Growth Polymerization: Mechanism00:57

Cationic Chain-Growth Polymerization: Mechanism

2.4K
The cationic polymerization mechanism consists of three steps: initiation, propagation, and termination. In the initiation step of the polymerization process, the π bond of a monomer gets protonated by the Lewis acid catalyst, which is formed from boron trifluoride and water. The protonation of the π bond generates a carbocation stabilized by the electron‐donating group. In the propagation step, the π bond of the second monomer acts as a nucleophile and attacks the...
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Updated: Jul 31, 2025

Controlled Photoredox Ring-Opening Polymerization of O-Carboxyanhydrides Mediated by Ni/Zn Complexes
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Polimerización controlada inversa (PCR): Despolimerización desde polímeros bien definidos hasta monómeros

Glen R Jones1, Hyun Suk Wang1, Kostas Parkatzidis1

  • 1Laboratory for Polymeric Materials, Department of Materials, ETH Zürich, Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 5, 8093 Zürich, Switzerland.

Journal of the American Chemical Society
|May 1, 2023
PubMed
Resumen
Este resumen es generado por máquina.

Las técnicas de polimerización controladas permiten una síntesis precisa de polímeros, allanando el camino para una despolimerización eficiente. Esta investigación examina los métodos para convertir de nuevo los polímeros en monómeros, abordando las preocupaciones ambientales.

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Atom Transfer Radical Polymerization of Functionalized Vinyl Monomers Using Perylene as a Visible Light Photocatalyst
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Área de la Ciencia:

  • Química de los polímeros
  • Ciencias de los materiales
  • Química sustentable

Sus antecedentes:

  • Los métodos de polimerización controlada ofrecen una alta precisión en la síntesis de polímeros.
  • Estos métodos producen polímeros con funcionalidades específicas para el grupo final.
  • La despolimerización de polímeros es crucial para hacer frente a los residuos plásticos y promover una economía circular.

Objetivo del estudio:

  • Revisar el campo emergente de la despolimerización para polímeros sintetizados a través de técnicas de polimerización controladas.
  • Para analizar críticamente la literatura actual basada en los métodos de polimerización (radical, iónico, metátesis).
  • Explorar estrategias futuras para mejorar la eficiencia y el alcance de la despolimerización.

Principales métodos:

  • Revisión de la literatura y análisis crítico de los estudios de despolimerización.
  • Categoría de las estrategias de despolimerización basadas en métodos de polimerización controlada.
  • Exploración de conceptos como sistemas de baja temperatura, catálisis y alcance expandido de polímeros.

Principales resultados:

  • La polimerización controlada permite la despolimerización en condiciones más suaves.
  • La alta fidelidad del grupo final es clave para una conversión eficiente de polímero a monómero.
  • Varias técnicas de polimerización controlada son prometedoras para los polímeros reciclables.

Conclusiones:

  • La despolimerización de polímeros sintetizados con precisión es una vía viable para la recuperación de monómeros.
  • Se necesitan más investigaciones sobre los sistemas catalíticos y una mayor aplicabilidad del polímero.
  • Los avances en la despolimerización controlada contribuyen a la gestión sostenible de los polímeros.