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ADN humano antiguo recuperado de un colgante paleolítico
Elena Essel1, Elena I Zavala2,3,4, Ellen Schulz-Kornas5
1Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, Leipzig, Germany. elena_essel@eva.mpg.de.
Nature
|May 3, 2023
Resumen
Los investigadores desarrollaron un nuevo método para extraer ADN de huesos y dientes antiguos. Esta técnica identificó el perfil genético de un colgante de la era del Pleistoceno
Área de la Ciencia:
- La paleogenética
- Arqueología
- Bioarqueología
Sus antecedentes:
- Los artefactos del Pleistoceno ofrecen información sobre el comportamiento humano, pero rara vez se encuentran en entierros, lo que limita la identificación individual.
- La vinculación de artefactos a individuos específicos es un desafío debido a la escasez de restos esqueléticos asociados para el análisis morfológico o genético.
Objetivo del estudio:
- Desarrollar un método no destructivo para la extracción de ADN de huesos y dientes antiguos.
- Para vincular la información genética con la cultura material del Pleistoceno.
Principales métodos:
- Desarrolló una técnica de liberación gradual de ADN para artefactos antiguos de huesos y dientes.
- Aplicó el método a un colgante de dientes de ciervo del Paleolítico Superior de la Cueva Denisova.
- Recuperado el antiguo ADN mitocondrial y nuclear de humanos y ciervos.
Principales resultados:
- Se han extraído exitosamente antiguos genomas humanos y de ciervos de un colgante de hace 19.000-25.000 años.
- Identificó al fabricante/usuario del colgante como una mujer con afinidades genéticas del norte de Eurasia.
- Amplió el rango geográfico conocido de las antiguas poblaciones del norte de Eurasia.
Conclusiones:
- El nuevo método permite el análisis genético directo de individuos asociados con artefactos antiguos.
- Este enfoque cierra la brecha entre los registros culturales y genéticos en la arqueología prehistórica.
- Proporciona nuevos conocimientos sobre las vidas individuales y las redes sociales de las poblaciones del Pleistoceno.
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