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Los antiguos vínculos genéticos apoyan a los ctenóforos como hermanos de otros animales
Darrin T Schultz1,2,3, Steven H D Haddock4,5, Jessen V Bredeson6
1Department of Neuroscience and Developmental Biology, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria. darrin.schultz@univie.ac.at.
Nature
|May 17, 2023
Resumen
El estudio resuelve el árbol genealógico de los animales, encontrando que las medusas de peine (ctenóforos) son el grupo de animales más antiguo. Esta visión evolutiva aclara los orígenes de rasgos complejos como los sistemas nerviosos.
Área de la Ciencia:
- Biología evolutiva
- La genómica
- Filogenética
Sus antecedentes:
- La posición evolutiva de las esponjas y ctenóforos como el grupo hermano de todos los demás animales sigue sin resolverse.
- Este debate tiene implicaciones significativas para comprender la evolución de los rasgos específicos de los animales, incluidos los sistemas nerviosos.
- Los análisis filogenéticos previos con morfología y secuencias genéticas no han podido responder definitivamente a esta pregunta.
Objetivo del estudio:
- Resolver la colocación filogenética de las esponjas y los ctenóforos utilizando el enlace genético a escala cromosómica (sintenia) como un nuevo carácter filogenético.
- Reconstruir los patrones de orden genético de los metazoos ancestrales comparando los genomas de los animales con los de los parientes unicelulares.
Principales métodos:
- Desarrollo del análisis del enlace genético a escala cromosómica (sintesis) para la reconstrucción filogenética.
- Secuenciación de nuevos genomas a escala cromosómica para un ctenóforo, dos esponjas y tres parientes animales unicelulares (grupos externos).
- Análisis comparativo de los patrones sintéticos para identificar los reordenamientos cromosómicos conservados y derivados.
Principales resultados:
- Identificación de antiguas sintenias conservadas entre animales y parientes unicelulares.
- Los ctenóforos y los eucariotas unicelulares comparten patrones ancestrales de metazoos.
- Las esponjas, los bilaterios y los cnidarios comparten reordenamientos cromosómicos derivados, lo que indica un clado monofilético que excluye a los ctenóforos.
Conclusiones:
- El estudio apoya la hipótesis de ctenóforo-hermana, colocando a las medusas de peine como el grupo hermano de todos los demás animales.
- Los caracteres sintéticos conservados proporcionan un apoyo filogenético sólido para esta conclusión.
- Estos hallazgos ofrecen un nuevo marco para resolver problemas filogenéticos profundos y comprender la evolución temprana de los animales.
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