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Shock Waves01:16

Shock Waves

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While deriving the Doppler formula for the observed frequency of a sound wave, it is assumed that the speed of sound in the medium is greater than the source's speed through it. When this condition is breached, a shock wave occurs.
When the source's speed approaches the speed of sound, constructive interference between successive wavefronts emitted by the source occurs immediately behind it. Initially, scientists believed that this constructive interference would result in such high...
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Sound Waves: Interference00:53

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Sound waves can be modeled either as longitudinal waves, wherein the molecules of the medium oscillate around an equilibrium position, or as pressure waves. When two identical waves from the same source superimpose on each other, the combination of two crests or two troughs results in amplitude reinforcement known as constructive interference. If two identical waves, that are initially in phase, become out of phase because of different path lengths, the combination of crests with troughs...
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Beats01:09

Beats

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The study of music provides many examples of the superposition of waves and the constructive and destructive interference that occurs. Very few examples of music being performed consist of a single source playing a single frequency for an extended period of time. A single frequency of sound for an extended period might be monotonous to the point of irritation, similar to the unwanted drone of an aircraft engine or a loud fan. Music is pleasant and exciting due to mixing the changing frequencies...
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Sound Waves: Resonance01:14

Sound Waves: Resonance

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Resonance is produced depending on the boundary conditions imposed on a wave. Resonance can be produced in a string under tension with symmetrical boundary conditions (i.e., has a node at each end). A node is defined as a fixed point where the string does not move. The symmetrical boundary conditions result in some frequencies resonating and producing standing waves, while other frequencies interfere destructively. Sound waves can resonate in a hollow tube, and the frequencies of the sound...
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Deriving the Speed of Sound in a Liquid01:09

Deriving the Speed of Sound in a Liquid

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As with waves on a string, the speed of sound or a mechanical wave in a fluid depends on the fluid's elastic modulus and inertia. The two relevant physical quantities are the bulk modulus and the density of the material. Indeed, it turns out that the relationship between speed and the bulk modulus and density in fluids is the same as that between the speed and the Young's modulus and density in solids.
The speed of sound in fluids can be derived by considering a mechanical wave...
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Echo01:06

Echo

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The human ear cannot distinguish between two sources of sound if they happen to reach within a specific time interval, typically 0.1 seconds apart. More than this, and they are perceived as separate sources.
Imagine the sound is reflected back to the ears. Assuming that the source is very close to the human, the difference between hearing the two sounds—the emitted sound and the reflected sound—may be more than the minimum time for perceiving distinct sounds. If this is the case,...
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Induction of Microstreaming by Nonspherical Bubble Oscillations in an Acoustic Levitation System
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Las grietas rompen la barrera del sonido.

Michael Marder1

  • 1Department of Physics, University of Texas, Austin, TX, USA.

Science (New York, N.Y.)
|July 27, 2023
PubMed
Resumen

Las grietas de tensión pueden propagarse más rápido que la velocidad del sonido. Este sorprendente hallazgo desafía la comprensión previa de la mecánica de la fractura y la dinámica de la falla del material.

Área de la Ciencia:

  • Ciencias de los materiales
  • La física
  • Mecánica

Sus antecedentes:

  • La mecánica de la fractura asume tradicionalmente que la propagación de las grietas está limitada por las velocidades de las ondas.
  • La comprensión de la dinámica de las grietas es crucial para el análisis de la integridad y las fallas del material.

Objetivo del estudio:

  • Investigar experimentalmente la velocidad máxima de propagación de las grietas por tracción.
  • Para determinar si las grietas pueden exceder la velocidad del sonido en ciertas condiciones.

Principales métodos:

  • Se emplearon técnicas de imagen de alta velocidad para capturar la propagación de grietas.
  • Se realizaron experimentos con materiales específicos bajo tensión de tracción controlada.

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Principales resultados:

  • La evidencia experimental demuestra que las grietas de tracción pueden propagarse a velocidades superiores a la velocidad de onda de Rayleigh (la velocidad del sonido en los sólidos).
  • Las velocidades de grieta observadas superaron la velocidad del sonido en los materiales probados.

Conclusiones:

  • Los hallazgos desafían las teorías establecidas en la mecánica de la fractura.
  • La propagación de grietas puede ocurrir a velocidades supersónicas, lo que requiere modelos revisados para la falla del material.