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Desgaste infantil y retraso en el crecimiento simultáneo en países de ingresos bajos y medios
Andrew Mertens1, Jade Benjamin-Chung2,3,4, John M Colford2
1Division of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA. amertens@berkeley.edu.
Nature
|September 13, 2023
Resumen
El desgaste infantil es dinámico, con muchos más niños que experimentan episodios de lo que se pensaba anteriormente. La intervención temprana desde el nacimiento hasta los seis meses es crucial para prevenir y reducir los riesgos de mortalidad.
Área de la Ciencia:
- Salud global
- Pediatría
- Ciencias de la nutrición
Sus antecedentes:
- El desperdicio infantil es un problema de salud mundial crítico, cuya eliminación está prevista para 2030.
- Los métodos de medición actuales (encuestas transversales) no logran capturar la naturaleza dinámica del desperdicio, incluido el inicio, la recuperación y la persistencia.
- La comprensión de estas dinámicas es vital para las intervenciones eficaces y la estimación precisa de la carga de enfermedad.
Objetivo del estudio:
- Para analizar los datos longitudinales para entender la dinámica de la pérdida de niños.
- Identificar los períodos críticos para el inicio y la recuperación de la pérdida.
- Informar sobre las intervenciones específicas para la eliminación de la desnutrición.
Principales métodos:
- Análisis de 21 cohortes longitudinales de datos de crecimiento infantil.
- Examen de las puntuaciones z de peso por longitud durante los primeros 24 meses de vida.
- Evaluación de la incidencia, la recuperación, la persistencia y los factores de riesgo asociados.
Principales resultados:
- El desgaste es un proceso dinámico con un pico de incidencia entre el nacimiento y los 3 meses.
- Una proporción significativa de niños (29,2% a los 24 meses) experimentan al menos un episodio de pérdida de peso, muy superior a la prevalencia de puntos.
- El desgaste prematuro (antes de los 6 meses) está relacionado con una recuperación más rápida, pero un mayor riesgo de crecimiento tardío, retraso en el crecimiento y mortalidad.
- Las variaciones estacionales en las puntuaciones z de peso por longitud se correlacionan con las precipitaciones, lo que sugiere el potencial de intervenciones estacionales.
Conclusiones:
- Las intervenciones para prevenir el desgaste desde el nacimiento hasta los 6 meses, potencialmente a través de la nutrición materna, son esenciales.
- Los programas actuales que se centran en los niños de 6 a 59 meses de edad deben complementarse con estrategias para los primeros años de vida.
- Abordar los patrones estacionales de desperdicio puede mejorar la eficacia de las intervenciones en las regiones pertinentes.
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