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Videos de Conceptos Relacionados

Transcription Initiation01:47

Transcription Initiation

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Initiation is the first step of transcription in eukaryotes. Prokaryotic RNA Polymerase (RNAP) can bind to the template DNA and start transcribing. On the other hand, transcription in eukaryotes requires additional proteins, called transcription factors, to first bind to the promoter region in the DNA template. This binding helps recruit the specific RNAP that can assemble on the DNA and start transcription.
The promoters and enhancers and their accessory proteins allow tight regulation of...
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Transcription01:17

Transcription

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Transcription is the synthesis of RNA from a DNA sequence by RNA polymerase. It is the first step in producing a protein from a gene sequence. Additionally, many other proteins and regulatory sequences are involved in correctly synthesizing messenger RNA (mRNA). Transcriptional regulation is responsible for the differentiation of different types of cells and often for the proper cellular response to environmental signals.
Transcription Can Produce Different Kinds of RNA Molecules
In eukaryotes,...
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Bacterial Transcription01:53

Bacterial Transcription

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RNA polymerase (RNAP) carries out DNA-dependent RNA synthesis in both bacteria and eukaryotes. Bacteria do not have a membrane-bound nucleus. So, transcription and translation occur simultaneously, on the same DNA template.
Transcription can be divided into three main stages, each involving distinct DNA sequences to guide the polymerase. These are:
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Energy to Drive Translocation01:37

Energy to Drive Translocation

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Mitochondrial protein import is powered by two distinct energy sources: ATP hydrolysis and electrochemical potential across the inner membrane. Newly synthesized precursors are bound by cytosolic chaperones of the Hsp70 family, which guide them to the import receptors on the mitochondrial surface. Utilizing the energy of ATP hydrolysis, Hsp70 chaperones transfer these precursors to the TOM receptors on the mitochondrial outer membrane.
Generally, polypeptides are unfolded by two distinct...
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Transcription Elongation Factors02:35

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Transcription elongation is a dynamic process that alters depending upon the sequence heterogeneity of the DNA being transcribed. Hence, it is not surprising that the elongation complex's composition also varies along the way while transcribing a gene.
The transcription elongation is regulated via pausing of RNA polymerase on several occasions during transcription. In bacteria, these halts are necessary because the transcription of DNA into mRNA is coupled to the translation of that mRNA...
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Protein Transport into the Inner Mitochondrial Membrane01:34

Protein Transport into the Inner Mitochondrial Membrane

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Nuclear encoded mitochondrial precursors are imported to the inner membrane in a multistep process involving two separate translocons, TIM22 and TIM23. TIM23 is a cation-selective pore that remains closed by the N terminal segment of the protein. Negative charges on the TIM23 act as a receptor for the incoming precursor, pulling the positively charged matrix-targeting sequence for peptide insertion and translocation.
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Discrimintion and Mapping of the Primary and Processed Transcripts in Maize Mitochondrion Using a Circular RT-PCR-based Strategy
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Las estructuras ilustran paso a paso la iniciación de la transcripción mitocondrial

Quinten Goovaerts1,2, Jiayu Shen3, Brent De Wijngaert1,2

  • 1Laboratory of Virology and Chemotherapy, Rega Institute for Medical Research, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium.

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Resumen

La iniciación de la transcripción mitocondrial involucra a la ARN polimerasa (RNAP) y el Mtf1. Las estructuras Cryo-EM revelan cómo la síntesis de ARN progresa a través de intermediarios estresados, lo que permite el escape del promotor y la regulación de la expresión génica.

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Área de la Ciencia:

  • Biología molecular
  • Biología estructural
  • Expresión genética

Sus antecedentes:

  • La iniciación de la transcripción es un paso regulatorio crítico en la expresión génica.
  • Las mitocondrias utilizan una única subunidad de ARN polimerasa (RNAP) para la transcripción.
  • En estudios anteriores se habían aclarado los complejos de iniciación de la RNAP mitocondrial en levaduras y humanos.

Objetivo del estudio:

  • Para aclarar el mecanismo integral y gradual de la iniciación de la transcripción mitocondrial.
  • Determinar las estructuras de alta resolución del RNAP y Mtf1 mitocondriales de levadura durante la síntesis de ARN.
  • Comprender las bases estructurales para la transición de la iniciación a la elongación.

Principales métodos:

  • Determinación de la estructura mediante microscopía electrónica criogénica de alta resolución (cryo-EM).
  • Análisis de los complejos mitocondriales RNAP y Mtf1 de la levadura.
  • Caracterización de la síntesis de ARN de dos a ocho nucleótidos.

Principales resultados:

  • Las estructuras detalladas muestran la acomodación de ARN-ADN a través del ajuste de plantilla y la reorganización sin plantilla.
  • La iniciación temprana implica el apretamiento / desapretamiento, lo que lleva a la síntesis abortada de ARN cortos.
  • Una estructura sin plantilla similar a una escalera apoya la síntesis procesal y facilita el escape del promotor.

Conclusiones:

  • La iniciación de la transcripción mitocondrial es un proceso afinado que implica cambios estructurales dinámicos.
  • El ajuste de plantillas y la reorganización sin plantillas son clave para regular la síntesis de ARN y el escape de promotores.
  • Estos hallazgos proporcionan información sobre los mecanismos de control regulatorio de la expresión génica.