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Menopause, a natural biological process marking the end of a woman's fertility, typically occurs between the fifth and sixth decade of life. This phase is characterized by the exhaustion of the ovarian follicle pool, leading to less responsive ovaries despite the high levels of Follicle Stimulating Hormone (FSH) and Luteinizing Hormone (LH). The consequential decrease in estrogen production results in symptoms like hot flashes, heavy sweating, headaches, hair loss, muscle pains, vaginal...
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Hormonal Regulation of the Menstrual Cycle01:22

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The ovarian cycle regulates endometrial changes throughout a single menstrual cycle via the coordinated action of gonadotrophin-releasing hormone (GnRH) and gonadotrophins.
At puberty, GnRH begins a pulsatile release pattern, which triggers the anterior pituitary gland to secrete follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) and luteinizing hormone (LH). The frequency and amplitude of GnRH pulses vary across the menstrual cycle, with faster pulses favoring LH release and slower pulses favoring FSH...
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In human women, oogenesis produces one mature egg cell or ovum for every precursor cell that enters meiosis. This process differs in two unique ways from the equivalent procedure of spermatogenesis in males. First, meiotic divisions during oogenesis are asymmetric, meaning that a large oocyte (containing most of the cytoplasm) and minor polar body are produced as a result of meiosis I, and again following meiosis II. Since only oocytes will go on to form embryos if fertilized, this unequal...
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Synteny and Evolution02:31

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John H. Renwick first coined the term “synteny” in 1971, which refers to the genes present on the same chromosomes, even if they are not genetically linked. The species with common ancestry tend to show conserved syntenic regions. Therefore, the concept of synteny is nowadays used to describe the evolutionary relationship between species.
Around 80 million years ago, the human and mice lineages diverged from the common ancestor. During the course of evolution, the ancestral...
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Nondisjunction is the failure of homologous chromosomes or sister chromatids to separate correctly and move to the opposite poles of the cells. This produces daughter cells with abnormal chromosome numbers.  Nondisjunction is common during anaphase I or anaphase II of meiosis.  Mutations in synaptonemal complex proteins that attach homologous chromosomes increase the chances of nondisjunction in anaphase I of meiosis I. In contrast, mutations in topoisomerases and condensins that hold...
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Meiosis is the division of a diploid cell into haploid cells forming sperm and eggs in animals through differentiation. Meiosis I is the first stage of meiosis, where the genetic recombination of homologous chromosomes and the reduction of the ploidy level by half occurs.
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La menopausia en los chimpancés

Michael Cant1

  • 1Centre for Ecology and Conservation, University of Exeter, Penryn, UK.

Science (New York, N.Y.)
|October 26, 2023
PubMed
Resumen

La menopausia, una etapa clave en la evolución humana, se ha observado en los chimpancés salvajes. Este descubrimiento ofrece información valiosa sobre el proceso de envejecimiento y las estrategias reproductivas entre las especies.

Área de la Ciencia:

  • Primatología
  • Biología evolutiva
  • Ciencias de la reproducción

Sus antecedentes:

  • La menopausia es una transición reproductiva universal en las mujeres humanas, pero sus orígenes evolutivos siguen siendo objeto de debate.
  • Comprender la menopausia en primates no humanos puede arrojar luz sobre sus fundamentos biológicos y su importancia evolutiva.
  • Los chimpancés salvajes (Pan troglodytes) están estrechamente relacionados con los humanos, lo que los convierte en un modelo valioso para estudiar los rasgos evolutivos humanos.

Objetivo del estudio:

  • Investigar la aparición y las características de la menopausia en una población de chimpancés salvajes.
  • Para comparar los patrones de envejecimiento reproductivo en chimpancés con los observados en humanos.
  • Para explorar la importancia adaptativa potencial de la menopausia en la evolución de los homínidos.

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Principales métodos:

  • Estudio observacional a largo plazo de una comunidad de chimpancés salvajes en el Parque Nacional de Gombe, Tanzania.
  • Monitoreo de los antecedentes reproductivos, incluida la edad del último nacimiento y el cese del ciclo ovárico.
  • Pruebas hormonales para confirmar el estado post-reproductivo.

Principales resultados:

  • Se identificó evidencia de vida posreproductiva en chimpancés hembras, lo que indica que viven más allá de su último nacimiento.
  • Se observó senescencia reproductiva, marcada por disminución de la fertilidad y eventual cesación de la ovulación.
  • La edad a la que los chimpancés entran en posreproducción muestra similitudes con los patrones humanos, aunque las expectativas de vida son diferentes.

Conclusiones:

  • Los hallazgos sugieren que la menopausia no es exclusiva de los humanos y probablemente evolucionó en nuestro antepasado común con los chimpancés.
  • La observación de la menopausia en los chimpancés proporciona un marco comparativo para comprender la evolución de la longevidad humana y las estrategias reproductivas.
  • La investigación adicional sobre el envejecimiento reproductivo de los chimpancés puede iluminar las presiones selectivas que dieron forma a la menopausia en el linaje humano.