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Crystal Growth: Principles of Crystallization01:25

Crystal Growth: Principles of Crystallization

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Crystallization is a phase transformation process in which crystals are precipitated from a supersaturated solution or formed from other sources. During crystallization, atoms or molecules arrange themselves into a well-defined, rigid crystal lattice to minimize energy.
Initiating crystallization involves manipulating the concentration of the solute and the temperature of the solution. Since crystal growth occurs when the ratio of concentration and solubility of the solute in the solvent...
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Crystal Field Theory - Octahedral Complexes02:58

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Crystal Field Theory
To explain the observed behavior of transition metal complexes (such as colors), a model involving electrostatic interactions between the electrons from the ligands and the electrons in the unhybridized d orbitals of the central metal atom has been developed. This electrostatic model is crystal field theory (CFT). It helps to understand, interpret, and predict the colors, magnetic behavior, and some structures of coordination compounds of transition metals.
CFT focuses on...
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Recrystallization: Solid–Solution Equilibria01:10

Recrystallization: Solid–Solution Equilibria

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Recrystallization is a purification technique used to separate impurities from solid compounds. In this technique, no chemical reactions occur. Instead, it exploits physical properties only, specifically, the solubility differences between the desired compound and impurities, either at a single temperature or at different temperatures, and under other selected conditions. The solid-solution equilibrium (solubility equilibrium) of each component in the solution represents a binary phase...
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Crystal Field Theory - Tetrahedral and Square Planar Complexes02:46

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Tetrahedral Complexes
Crystal field theory (CFT) is applicable to molecules in geometries other than octahedral. In octahedral complexes, the lobes of the dx2−y2 and dz2 orbitals point directly at the ligands. For tetrahedral complexes, the d orbitals remain in place, but with only four ligands located between the axes. None of the orbitals points directly at the tetrahedral ligands. However, the dx2−y2 and dz2 orbitals (along the Cartesian axes) overlap with the ligands less than the dxy,...
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Complexation Equilibria: Factors Influencing Stability of Complexes01:09

Complexation Equilibria: Factors Influencing Stability of Complexes

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In complexation reactions, metal cations are the electron pair acceptors, and the ligands are the electron pair donors. The stability of the metal complexes depends primarily on the complexing ability of the central metal ion and the nature of the ligands. Generally, the complexing ability of the metal ion depends on the size and charge of the ion. As the metal ion size increases, the stability of the metal complexes decreases, provided that the valency of the metal ion and the ligands remain...
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Solution Equilibrium and Saturation01:59

Solution Equilibrium and Saturation

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Imagine adding a small amount of sugar to a glass of water, stirring until all the sugar has dissolved, and then adding a bit more. You can repeat this process until the sugar concentration of the solution reaches its natural limit, a limit determined primarily by the relative strengths of the solute-solute, solute-solvent, and solvent-solvent attractive forces. You can be certain that you have reached this limit because, no matter how long you stir the solution, undissolved sugar remains. The...
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Optimization of Crystal Growth for Neutron Macromolecular Crystallography
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Predicción de la estabilidad de la forma de cristal en condiciones reales

Dzmitry Firaha1, Yifei Michelle Liu2, Jacco van de Streek3

  • 1Avant-garde Materials Simulation, Merzhausen, Germany. dzmitry.firaha@avmatsim.eu.

Nature
|November 8, 2023
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Resumen

Los cálculos precisos de energía libre ahora permiten una selección confiable de la forma del cristal de silicio. Este avance computacional ayuda a los experimentadores a predecir y controlar las estructuras cristalinas, mejorando el desarrollo de fármacos.

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Área de la Ciencia:

  • La cristalografía
  • Química computacional
  • Ciencias de los materiales

Sus antecedentes:

  • Las propiedades físico-químicas de los cristales moleculares son críticamente dependientes de su forma cristalina.
  • En la forma de cristal de silicio, la selección está avanzando debido a los mejores métodos de cálculo de energía libre.

Objetivo del estudio:

  • Mejorar la precisión de los cálculos de energía libre in silico para la selección de la forma del cristal.
  • Establecer un punto de referencia experimental fiable para las diferencias de energía libre entre sólidos sólidos.
  • Integrar las estructuras cristalinas de hidrato y anhidrato en un paisaje energético unificado.

Principales métodos:

  • Mejora de la precisión en los cálculos de energía libre.
  • Desarrollo de un punto de referencia experimental para las diferencias de energía libre entre sólidos.
  • Cuantificación de los errores estadísticos en las energías libres calculadas.
  • Mapeo de las estructuras cristalinas de hidrato y anhidrato en un paisaje energético dependiente de la temperatura y la humedad relativa.

Principales resultados:

  • Se obtienen errores estándar de 1-2 kJ/mol para las energías libres de los compuestos industriales relevantes.
  • Desarrolló un método para colocar estructuras cristalinas con diferentes estequiometrías de hidrato en el mismo paisaje energético.
  • Aplicabilidad demostrada a sistemas de múltiples componentes, incluidos los solvantes.

Conclusiones:

  • El enfoque computacional mejorado reduce significativamente la brecha entre las necesidades experimentales y las capacidades computacionales.
  • La predicción de la estructura cristalina se transforma en un procedimiento más confiable y procesable.
  • Este método ayuda a dirigir la selección de la forma cristalina y a establecer el control en la ciencia de los materiales y el desarrollo de fármacos.