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Videos de Conceptos Relacionados

Reduction of Alkynes to trans-Alkenes: Sodium in Liquid Ammonia02:10

Reduction of Alkynes to trans-Alkenes: Sodium in Liquid Ammonia

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Alkynes can be reduced to trans-alkenes using sodium or lithium in liquid ammonia. The reaction, known as dissolving metal reduction, proceeds with an anti addition of hydrogen across the carbon–carbon triple bond to form the trans product. Since ammonia exists as a gas (bp = −33°C) at room temperature, the reaction is carried out at low temperatures using a mixture of dry ice (sublimes at −78°C) and acetone. 
When dissolved in liquid ammonia, an alkali metal,...
9.3K
Nitriles to Amines: LiAlH4 Reduction00:55

Nitriles to Amines: LiAlH4 Reduction

3.5K
Nitriles are reduced to amines in the presence of strong reducing agents like lithium aluminum hydride through a typical nucleophilic acyl substitution. The reaction requires two equivalents of the reducing agent. The reducing agent acts as a source of hydride ions.
As shown below, the mechanism involves three steps. Firstly, the hydride ion acting as a nucleophile attacks the nitrile carbon to form an anion. In the second step, a second equivalent of the hydride ion attacks the anion to...
3.5K
Ethers from Alcohols: Alcohol Dehydration and Williamson Ether Synthesis02:29

Ethers from Alcohols: Alcohol Dehydration and Williamson Ether Synthesis

10.4K
Overview
Ethers can be prepared from organic compounds by various methods. Some of them are discussed below,
Preparation of Ethers by Alcohol Dehydration
In this method, in the presence of protic acids, alcohol dehydrates to produce alkenes and ethers under different conditions. For example, in the presence of sulphuric acid, dehydration of ethanol at 413 K yields ethoxyethane, whereas it yields ethene at 443 K.
10.4K
Amides to Amines: LiAlH4 Reduction01:20

Amides to Amines: LiAlH4 Reduction

4.8K
Amide reduction with strong reducing agents like lithium aluminum hydride proceeds through a nucleophilic acyl substitution to form amines. Primary, secondary, and tertiary amides yield primary, secondary, and tertiary amines, respectively.
Amide reduction requires two equivalents of the reducing agent, acting as a source of hydride ions. As shown in the figure, the reaction is initiated with a nucleophilic attack by the hydride ion at the carbonyl carbon to form a tetrahedral intermediate.
4.8K
α-Alkylation of Ketones via Enolate Ions01:10

α-Alkylation of Ketones via Enolate Ions

3.1K
Ketones with α protons are deprotonated by strong bases like lithium diisopropylamide (LDA) to form enolate ions. The anion is stabilized by resonance, and its hybrid structure exhibits negative charges on the carbonyl oxygen and the α carbon. This ambident nucleophile can attack an electrophile via two possible sites: the carbonyl oxygen, known as O-attack, or the α carbon, known as C-attack. The nucleophilic attack via the carbanionic site is preferred. This is due to the...
3.1K
Preparation of 1° Amines: Gabriel Synthesis01:28

Preparation of 1° Amines: Gabriel Synthesis

3.6K
Direct alkylation is not a suitable method for synthesizing amines because it produces polyalkylated products. Gabriel synthesis is the most preferred method to exclusively make primary amines. The method uses phthalimide, which contains a protected form of nitrogen that participates in alkylation only once to predominantly give primary amines.
Strong bases like NaOH or KOH deprotonate the phthalimide to form the corresponding anion, which acts as a nucleophile. Further, the anion attacks an...
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Updated: Jul 11, 2025

Electrochemically and Bioelectrochemically Induced Ammonium Recovery
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Electrochemically and Bioelectrochemically Induced Ammonium Recovery

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Electrosíntesis de amoníaco mediada por litio con electrolitos a base de éter

Xiyang Cai1,2, Xingdian Li3, Jiabin You1

  • 1Institute of Fuel Cells, School of Mechanical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China.

Journal of the American Chemical Society
|November 15, 2023
PubMed
Resumen

Los investigadores exploraron disolventes a base de éter para la reducción de nitrógeno mediada por litio (LiNR) para sintetizar amoníaco. El tetrahidrofurano mostró una alta eficiencia, destacando los disolventes

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Área de la Ciencia:

  • La electroquímica
  • Química ecológica
  • Ciencias de los materiales

Sus antecedentes:

  • El amoníaco es crucial para los fertilizantes y la síntesis química.
  • La síntesis de amoníaco a través de la reducción electroquímica del nitrógeno (LiNR) ofrece una alternativa sostenible a Haber-Bosch, alineada con los esfuerzos mundiales de reducción de emisiones.
  • La optimización del electrolito es clave para la eficiencia de LiNR, y los efectos del disolvente no se han explorado lo suficiente.

Objetivo del estudio:

  • Investigar sistemáticamente el impacto de los disolventes a base de éter en la reducción de nitrógeno mediada por litio (LiNR) para la síntesis de amoníaco.
  • Evaluar los efectos del disolvente en la conductividad, las reacciones parasitarias, la distribución del producto y la eficiencia faradaica en LiNR.
  • Identificar los disolventes óptimos para mejorar el rendimiento de la síntesis de amoníaco.

Principales métodos:

  • Evaluación sistemática de varios disolventes a base de éter para la detección de LiNR.
  • Evaluación de la conductividad del electrolito y el rendimiento electroquímico.
  • Análisis de la distribución del producto y de la eficiencia faradaica.
  • Investigación de los cambios inducidos por el disolvente en la solvación iónica y en la formación de electrolitos sólidos entre fases.

Principales resultados:

  • El dimetoxietano presentaba la pérdida potencial más baja entre los disolventes analizados.
  • El tetrahidrofurano alcanzó una alta eficiencia faradaica de 58,5 ± 6,1% a presión ambiente.
  • La elección del disolvente influye significativamente en la solvación iónica y la composición interfásica del electrolito sólido, lo que afecta el rendimiento de LiNR.

Conclusiones:

  • Los disolventes desempeñan un papel crítico en la eficiencia y el rendimiento de la reducción de nitrógeno mediada por litio para la síntesis de amoníaco.
  • Los disolventes a base de éter, en particular el tetrahidrofurano, son prometedores para el avance de la producción electroquímica de amoníaco.
  • Este estudio proporciona información crucial para optimizar los electrolitos para mejorar la tecnología LiNR.