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El aprendizaje automático predice qué ríos, arroyos y humedales regula la Ley de Agua Limpia

Simon Greenhill^1,2, Hannah Druckenmiller^3,4, Sherrie Wang^2,5,6

¹Department of Agricultural and Resource Economics, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA.

Science (New York, N.Y.)

|January 25, 2024

Resumen

La Ley de Agua Limpia protege menos aguas bajo una regla de 2020 que una decisión de la Corte Suprema de 2006, impactando millones de millas de arroyos y acres de humedales. El aprendizaje automático ayuda a evaluar estos cambios regulatorios para la protección de los recursos hídricos.

Área de la Ciencia:

Derecho del medio ambiente
Detección remota
Aprendizaje automático

Sus antecedentes:

La Ley de Agua Limpia (CWA) regula los recursos hídricos en los Estados Unidos.
Las sentencias de la Corte Suprema y las regulaciones de la Casa Blanca han alterado el alcance de las protecciones de la CWA.
La evaluación del impacto de estos cambios regulatorios en la jurisdicción de los recursos hídricos es crucial.

Objetivo del estudio:

Determinar la extensión de los recursos hídricos protegidos por la Ley de Agua Limpia bajo diferentes regímenes regulatorios.
Para cuantificar el impacto del fallo de la Corte Suprema de 2006 y la regla de la Casa Blanca de 2020 en la jurisdicción de CWA.
Desarrollar un marco para evaluar los cambios regulatorios utilizando el aprendizaje automático.

Principales métodos:

Se entrenó un modelo de aprendizaje profundo utilizando imágenes aéreas y datos geofísicos.
El modelo predijo 150.000 determinaciones jurisdiccionales del Cuerpo de Ingenieros del Ejército.
El estudio comparó las protecciones de CWA bajo el fallo de la Corte Suprema de 2006 y la regla de la Casa Blanca de 2020.

Principales resultados:

El fallo de la Corte Suprema de 2006 protegió dos tercios de los arroyos estadounidenses y más de la mitad de los humedales.
La regla de la Casa Blanca de 2020 redujo la protección a menos de la mitad de los arroyos y una cuarta parte de los humedales.
Esto implica la desregulación de 690.000 millas de arroyos, 35 millones de acres de humedales y el 30% de las fuentes de agua potable.

Conclusiones:

Los cambios regulatorios tienen un impacto significativo en el alcance de las protecciones de la Ley de Agua Limpia.
El aprendizaje automático ofrece una herramienta poderosa para analizar e implementar las regulaciones ambientales.
El marco desarrollado puede ayudar en el diseño de políticas y permisos reglamentarios para los recursos hídricos.

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