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Neural Regulation01:37

Neural Regulation

Digestion begins with a cephalic phase that prepares the digestive system to receive food. When our brain processes visual or olfactory information about food, it triggers impulses in the cranial nerves innervating the salivary glands and stomach to prepare for food.
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Meristems and Plant Growth

Plants grow throughout their lives; this is called indeterminate growth, and it distinguishes plants from most animals. Although certain parts of plants stop growing (e.g., leaves and flowers), others grow continuously—like roots and stems.
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Fruits form from a mature flower ovary. As seeds develop from the ovules contained within, the ovary wall undergoes a series of complex changes to form fruit. In some fruits, such as soybeans, the ovary wall dries; in other fruits, such as grapes, it remains fleshy. In some cases, organs other than the ovary contribute to fruit formation; such fruits are called accessory fruits.
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Gene expression can be regulated at almost every step from gene to protein. Transcription is the step that is most commonly regulated. This involves the binding of proteins to short regulatory sequences on the DNA. This association can either promote or inhibit the transcription of a gene associated with the respective sequence.
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The gene expression in cells is regulated at different stages: (i) transcription, (ii) RNA processing, (iii) RNA localization, and (iv) translation. Transcriptional regulation is mediated by regulatory proteins such as transcription factors, activators, or repressors—these control gene expression by initiating or inhibiting the transcription of genes. Once a precursor or pre-mRNA is produced, it undergoes post-transcriptional modification, including 5' capping, splicing, and the addition of a...

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Video Experimental Relacionado

Updated: May 8, 2026

Ex utero Electroporation and Whole Hemisphere Explants: A Simple Experimental Method for Studies of Early Cortical Development
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Caracterización masivamente paralela de los elementos reguladores en el desarrollo de la corteza humana

Chengyu Deng1,2, Sean Whalen3, Marilyn Steyert4,5,6,7,8,9

  • 1Department of Bioengineering and Therapeutic Sciences, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA.

Science (New York, N.Y.)
|May 23, 2024
PubMed
Resumen
Este resumen es generado por máquina.

Este estudio mapea los elementos reguladores de genes en el cerebro humano, identificando miles de potenciadores activos y variantes que afectan el desarrollo neuronal y la enfermedad. Los organoides cerebrales modelan efectivamente la corteza en desarrollo para esta investigación.

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Área de la Ciencia:

  • La genética
  • La neurociencia
  • Biología del desarrollo

Sus antecedentes:

  • Los cambios de nucleótidos en los elementos reguladores genéticos influyen significativamente en el desarrollo neuronal y las enfermedades asociadas.
  • Comprender estos elementos es crucial para descifrar la función cerebral y la patología.

Objetivo del estudio:

  • Trazar un mapa completo y caracterizar los elementos cis-reguladores y sus variantes en el cerebro humano en desarrollo.
  • Validar el uso de organoides cerebrales como modelo para el estudio del desarrollo cortical humano.

Principales métodos:

  • Se realizaron ensayos paralelos masivos en células corticales humanas primarias y organoides cerebrales.
  • Se analizaron más de 100.000 regiones abiertas de cromatina, incluidas las secuencias específicas del tipo de célula y las asociadas a la enfermedad.
  • Se emplearon modelos de aprendizaje profundo para decodificar los determinantes de secuencia y los factores reguladores de la actividad del potenciador.

Principales resultados:

  • Se identificaron 46.802 secuencias activas de potenciador en células primarias.
  • Descubrieron 164 variantes que alteran significativamente la actividad del potenciador.
  • Se ha demostrado la actividad de un elemento regulador comparable en los organoides cerebrales y las células corticales primarias.

Conclusiones:

  • Los organoides cerebrales sirven como un modelo válido para estudiar el desarrollo de la corteza humana.
  • Este trabajo proporciona un catálogo completo de elementos reguladores de genes funcionales y variantes críticas para el desarrollo neuronal humano.
  • Los hallazgos ofrecen información sobre la base genética del desarrollo del cerebro y los trastornos neurológicos.