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La perturbación ecológica altera los beneficios adaptativos de los lazos sociales

C Testard¹, C Shergold², A Acevedo-Ithier

¹Department of Neuroscience, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA.

Science (New York, N.Y.)

|June 20, 2024

Resumen

Los eventos climáticos extremos pueden remodelar las sociedades animales. Los macacos rhesus se adaptaron a los impactos de los huracanes al aumentar la tolerancia social, que se convirtió en crucial para la supervivencia en su ecosistema alterado.

Área de la Ciencia:

Ecología
El comportamiento de los animales
Adaptación al cambio climático

Sus antecedentes:

Los fenómenos meteorológicos extremos tienen un impacto significativo en los ecosistemas y pueden alterar las presiones selectivas.
Los animales que viven en grupo pueden utilizar las relaciones sociales como un mecanismo para adaptarse a las perturbaciones ambientales.
El valor adaptativo de la socialidad y su potencial para cambiar en respuesta a la perturbación ecológica siguen siendo en gran medida no probados.

Objetivo del estudio:

Investigar si los eventos climáticos extremos alteran la selección en la sociabilidad en animales que viven en grupo.
Determinar si los animales que viven en grupo pueden cambiar de manera adaptativa sus relaciones sociales después de una perturbación del ecosistema.

Principales métodos:

Utilizó 10 años de datos sobre macacos rhesus, abarcando períodos antes y después de un huracán de categoría 4.
Analizó los cambios en el comportamiento social, incluida la tolerancia y la agresión, en respuesta a la deforestación persistente y al aumento de la exposición al calor.
Evaluó la relación entre la tolerancia social y la supervivencia individual antes y después del huracán.

Principales resultados:

Los macacos rhesus mostraron una mayor tolerancia social y una disminución de la agresión después del huracán.
Estos cambios de comportamiento facilitaron el acceso a recursos críticos como la sombra para la termorregulación.
La tolerancia social se convirtió en un predictor significativo de la supervivencia individual después del huracán, un patrón que no se observó antes del evento.

Conclusiones:

La perturbación del ecosistema por el clima extremo puede cambiar la función adaptativa de las relaciones sociales.
La tolerancia social en los macacos rhesus evolucionó como una adaptación crítica para la supervivencia después de los cambios ambientales inducidos por los huracanes.
Este estudio proporciona evidencia empírica de la modificación adaptativa de la socialidad en respuesta a los desafíos ecológicos persistentes.

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