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Evaluating the rectum and anus plays a crucial role in conducting a thorough physical examination of the gastrointestinal system. Although it may be uncomfortable and often embarrassing for the patient, it holds immense diagnostic value, particularly in detecting gastrointestinal diseases and abnormalities. This guide will explain how to perform this assessment using inspection and palpation methods.
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Begin by inspecting the perianal and anal areas for color, texture, rashes,...
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Several factors can increase the risk of cancer in an individual. About 50% of cancer cases can be prevented by adopting a healthy lifestyle, regular exercise, eating healthy, and following a modest cancer prevention diet. Epidemiological studies have consistently shown that populations with vegetable and fruit-rich diets have reduced the incidence of cancer. On the other hand, populations who have a diet rich in animal fat, red meat, junk food, or high calories are predisposed to cancer.
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The colon, or large intestine, is the final segment of the digestive system. Its primary functions include absorbing water and vitamins produced by gut bacteria and transforming waste from liquid to solid to form stool. In adults, the large intestine is approximately 5 feet long and consists of four main sections:
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Tumor progression is a phenomenon where the pre-formed tumor acquires successive mutations to become clinically more aggressive and malignant. In the 1950s, Foulds first described the stepwise progression of cancer cells through successive stages.
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Updated: Jun 23, 2025

Competing-Risk Nomogram for Predicting Cancer-Specific Survival in Multiple Primary Colorectal Cancer Patients after Surgery
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Cáncer colorrectal

Cathy Eng1, Takayuki Yoshino2, Erika Ruíz-García3

  • 1Division of Hematology and Oncology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Vanderbilt-Ingram Cancer Center, Nashville, TN, USA.

Lancet (London, England)
|June 23, 2024
PubMed
Resumen

La incidencia del cáncer colorrectal está aumentando en todo el mundo, especialmente en pacientes más jóvenes. Los avances en la terapia sistémica, la cirugía y los tratamientos específicos están mejorando las tasas de supervivencia para este cáncer común.

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Área de la Ciencia:

  • En el campo de la oncología
  • Gastroenterología
  • Oncología quirúrgica

Sus antecedentes:

  • El cáncer colorrectal sigue siendo uno de los principales diagnósticos de cáncer a nivel mundial, con una incidencia creciente en las economías emergentes y una creciente preocupación por los casos de aparición temprana (edad ≤50 años).
  • A pesar de la disminución de las tasas en algunas poblaciones de altos ingresos, la carga global general requiere una investigación continua y avances clínicos.

Objetivo del estudio:

  • Proporcionar una visión multidisciplinaria de los avances clínicos recientes en el tratamiento del cáncer colorrectal.
  • Destacar las áreas clave de investigación en curso y las direcciones futuras en el tratamiento del cáncer colorrectal.

Principales métodos:

  • Esta visión general sintetiza la investigación clínica actual y las perspectivas de los expertos sobre el tratamiento del cáncer colorrectal.
  • Examina los avances en la terapia sistémica, las técnicas quirúrgicas y los tratamientos molecularmente dirigidos.

Principales resultados:

  • Se han logrado avances significativos en el aumento de las tasas de supervivencia global a través de mejores terapias sistémicas y opciones quirúrgicas.
  • La investigación en curso se centra en la preservación del esfínter, la oncología de precisión, el ADN del tumor circulante, el análisis del microbioma y el manejo de las metástasis hepáticas.

Conclusiones:

  • Los enfoques multidisciplinarios y la investigación en curso son cruciales para mejorar los resultados en el cáncer colorrectal.
  • Las direcciones futuras hacen hincapié en la medicina personalizada y en las estrategias innovadoras locales para combatir esta enfermedad.