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Patogenicidad y transmisibilidad del virus de la gripe bovina H5N1

Amie J Eisfeld¹, Asim Biswas¹, Lizheng Guan¹

¹Influenza Research Institute, Department of Pathobiological Sciences, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA.

|July 8, 2024

Resumen

La gripe aviar altamente patógena H5N1 (HPAI H5N1) en vacas constituye un riesgo para la salud pública. Este estudio muestra que el virus H5N1 bovino puede infectar a los mamíferos y puede transmitirse, lo que requiere una investigación adicional.

Área de la Ciencia:

Virología
Enfermedades infecciosas
Salud pública

Sus antecedentes:

La gripe aviar altamente patógena H5N1 (HPAI H5N1) rara vez se transmite en los mamíferos.
Un brote sin precedentes de HPAI H5N1 en los rebaños bovinos de los Estados Unidos en 2024 suscitó preocupaciones de salud pública debido al contagio humano y la propagación en los animales.

Objetivo del estudio:

Para caracterizar un virus HPAI H5N1 aislado de la leche de vaca infectada.
Evaluar el potencial de infección y transmisión de este virus H5N1 bovino en los mamíferos.

Principales métodos:

Infección de ratones y hurones con un aislado del virus H5N1 bovino.
Análisis de la propagación sistémica, incluidas las glándulas mamarias.
Evaluación de la unión de los ácidos siálicos a las vías respiratorias humanas.
Estudios de transmisión en hurones.

Principales resultados:

El virus H5N1 bovino se propagó sistémicamente en ratones y hurones, incluidas las glándulas mamarias.
El virus se une a los ácidos siálicos en las vías respiratorias superiores humanas.
Se observó una transmisión ineficaz a los hurones, con uno de los cuatro hurones expuestos a la seroconversión sin virus detectable.

Conclusiones:

El virus H5N1 bovino exhibe tropismo para las glándulas mamarias, similar a las cepas HPAI H5N1 más antiguas.
El virus posee características que sugieren un potencial para una mayor infección y transmisión en mamíferos.
Los resultados subrayan la evolución del riesgo para la salud pública asociado a la HPAI H5N1.

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