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De los "productos químicos para siempre" a las alternativas sin flúor

Mohamed Ateia^1,2, Martin Scheringer^3,4

¹Center for Environmental Solutions and Emergency Response, Office of Research and Development, US Environmental Protection Agency, Cincinnati, OH, USA.

Science (New York, N.Y.)

|July 18, 2024

Resumen

La búsqueda de alternativas a las sustancias per- y polifluoroalquilo (PFAS) implica una cuidadosa consideración de las compensaciones e incertidumbres asociadas. Esta investigación pone de relieve la complejidad de la selección de opciones químicas más seguras.

Área de la Ciencia:

Química del medio ambiente
Toxicología
Evaluación del riesgo

Sus antecedentes:

Las sustancias perfluoroalquilo y polifluoroalquilo (PFAS) son sustancias químicas sintéticas ampliamente utilizadas con una persistencia ambiental significativa y problemas potenciales para la salud.
La necesidad de alternativas más seguras a los PFAS se debe a la presión reguladora y a la creciente conciencia pública sobre sus riesgos.
Las alternativas actuales a menudo presentan sus propios desafíos e incertidumbres.

Objetivo del estudio:

Evaluar las compensaciones asociadas a la identificación y aplicación de alternativas a las sustancias per- y polifluoroalquilo (PFAS).
Analizar las incertidumbres inherentes a la selección y evaluación de riesgos de los sustitutos de los PFAS.
Proporcionar un marco para la toma de decisiones informadas en relación con las estrategias de sustitución de los PFAS.

Principales métodos:

Revisión de la literatura existente sobre las alternativas a los PFAS.
Análisis de las propiedades químicas, destino ambiental y perfiles toxicológicos de los posibles sustitutos.
Evaluación comparativa de los riesgos y beneficios de las diferentes alternativas de PFAS.
Identificación de las lagunas de datos y las necesidades de investigación.

Principales resultados:

Actualmente no existe una única alternativa que ofrezca una solución universalmente "segura" o "verde" para reemplazar todas las aplicaciones de PFAS.
Muchas alternativas presentan compensaciones, como una persistencia reducida pero una mayor movilidad, o perfiles toxicológicos diferentes.
Siguen existiendo importantes incertidumbres en cuanto a los impactos ambientales y sanitarios a largo plazo de numerosas alternativas a los PFAS.
La eficacia y la seguridad de las alternativas varían mucho según la aplicación específica.

Conclusiones:

La identificación de alternativas viables a los PFAS es un proceso complejo que requiere una evaluación exhaustiva de las compensaciones e incertidumbres.
El enfoque de precaución y la investigación adicional son esenciales para garantizar que las alternativas a los PFAS no introduzcan riesgos nuevos o imprevistos.
La política y la industria deben colaborar para desarrollar marcos de evaluación sólidos para la sustitución química.

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