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Infección por virus sincitial respiratorio grave en niños: carga, tratamiento y terapias emergentes
Natalie I Mazur1, Mauricio T Caballero2, Marta C Nunes3
1Department of Pediatrics, Wilhelmina Children's Hospital, Utrecht, Netherlands.
Lancet (London, England)
|September 12, 2024
Resumen
El virus sincitial respiratorio (VSR) causa millones de infecciones infantiles cada año. Las nuevas estrategias de prevención del VSR, incluidas las vacunas, ofrecen esperanzas para reducir la carga global de esta grave enfermedad respiratoria.
Área de la Ciencia:
- Pediatría
- Enfermedades infecciosas
- Salud pública
Sus antecedentes:
- El virus sincitial respiratorio (VSR) plantea un desafío significativo para la salud mundial, especialmente para los niños pequeños.
- Anualmente, las infecciones del tracto respiratorio inferior por RSV (LRTI) afectan a 33 millones de niños menores de cinco años, lo que lleva a 3,6 millones de hospitalizaciones y más de 118,000 muertes.
Objetivo del estudio:
- Revisar la presentación clínica, la carga de la enfermedad, el manejo, las terapias emergentes y las estrategias de prevención para el VSR.
- Resaltar los avances recientes y las publicaciones clave en la investigación del VSR en los últimos 15 años.
Principales métodos:
- Búsqueda sistemática de publicaciones de los últimos 15 años.
- Análisis no sistemático que prioriza los documentos importantes y las revisiones recientes.
Principales resultados:
- RSV LRTI es un diagnóstico clínico que carece de una herramienta predictiva universal para la enfermedad grave.
- Las pruebas en el punto de atención ayudan al diagnóstico rápido del RSV y pueden reducir el uso de antibióticos.
- Los tratamientos actuales son de apoyo; la evidencia de cánula nasal de alto flujo (HFNC) es insuficiente.
- El RSV ahora se puede prevenir con vacunas aprobadas de anticuerpos monoclonales y una vacuna materna.
Conclusiones:
- Las nuevas estrategias de prevención del VSR, incluidas las vacunas, son cruciales para reducir la carga mundial de enfermedades.
- Dar prioridad a los bebés de alto riesgo, especialmente en los países de bajos ingresos, es un paso intermedio hacia la inmunización universal.
- Se necesita más investigación para comprender el impacto de la prevención del RSV en la transmisión, el uso de antibióticos y los resultados de salud a largo plazo.
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