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Synthesis and Regulation of Thyroid Hormones01:20

Synthesis and Regulation of Thyroid Hormones

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Low blood levels of the thyroid hormones — triiodothyronine (T3) and thyroxine (T4) — signal the hypothalamus to release the thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH). TRH then reaches the pituitary gland and stimulates the release of thyroid-stimulating hormone(TSH) into the bloodstream.
Upon reaching the thyroid gland, TSH stimulates the follicular cells' active uptake of iodide ions from the blood. The ions diffuse to the apical surface of the cells and are oxidized to iodine. The...
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Functions of Thyroid Hormones01:18

Functions of Thyroid Hormones

2.6K
The thyroid hormone (TH) plays a pivotal role in the intricate orchestration of physiological processes, exerting profound effects on development, metabolism, and homeostasis throughout different life stages.
TH is indispensable for the normal development and maturation of the skeletal, muscular, and nervous systems during fetal and childhood growth. It facilitates bone mineral turnover and regulates protein synthesis in developing tissues, contributing significantly to overall growth and...
2.6K
The Thyroid Gland01:23

The Thyroid Gland

3.7K
The thyroid gland is a small, butterfly-shaped gland located in the neck and covers the anterior surface of the trachea. The gland has two lateral lobes connected by a thin tissue mass called the isthmus. Internally, each lobe comprises many small spherical structures known as thyroid follicles, surrounded by a network of blood vessels.
The follicles have a central cavity lined by simple cuboidal to squamous epithelial cells called follicular cells. These cells produce the glycoprotein...
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Major Hormones and Their Functions01:27

Major Hormones and Their Functions

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Hormones, the biochemical messengers produced by endocrine glands, are pivotal in regulating bodily functions and maintaining homeostasis. Each hormone's balance is crucial; imbalances can lead to significant physiological disruptions. Major hormones include oxytocin, cortisol, epinephrine, estrogen, testosterone, thyroxine, growth hormone, insulin, and glucagon.
Oxytocin, produced in the hypothalamus and released by the pituitary gland, plays a role in social bonding, childbirth, and...
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Decreased pulse rate01:14

Decreased pulse rate

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Bradycardia is a medical condition in which the heart rate is slower than normal. It occurs when the heart's natural pacemaker, the sinus node, generates slower electrical impulses than the standard rhythm. In adults, bradycardia is diagnosed when the pulse rate falls below 60 beats per minute, indicating a deviation from the normal heart rate range.
There are specific risk factors that can elevate the likelihood of developing bradycardia. Advanced age is a significant factor, with...
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Hormones and Bone Tissue01:17

Hormones and Bone Tissue

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The endocrine system produces and secretes hormones, which interact with the skeletal system. These hormones control bone growth, maintain bone once it is formed, and remodel it.
Hormones That Influence Osteoblasts and/or Maintain the Matrix
Several hormones are necessary for controlling bone growth and maintaining the bone matrix. The pituitary gland secretes growth hormone (GH), which, as its name implies, controls bone growth. This happens in several ways: first, it triggers chondrocyte...
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Video Experimental Relacionado

Updated: Jun 11, 2025

Generation of a Mouse Spontaneous Autoimmune Thyroiditis Model
04:39

Generation of a Mouse Spontaneous Autoimmune Thyroiditis Model

Published on: March 17, 2023

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Hipotiroidismo

Peter N Taylor1, Marco M Medici2, Alicja Hubalewska-Dydejczyk3

  • 1Thyroid Research Group, Division of Infection and Immunity, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK.

Lancet (London, England)
|October 5, 2024
PubMed
Resumen
Este resumen es generado por máquina.

El hipotiroidismo, una deficiencia común de la hormona tiroidea, afecta a varios sistemas del cuerpo. El diagnóstico se basa en pruebas de función tiroidea, con levotiroxina como tratamiento estándar, aunque los síntomas persistentes impulsan la investigación en curso sobre estrategias de manejo óptimas.

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Área de la Ciencia:

  • Endocrinología
  • Médico interno

Sus antecedentes:

  • El hipotiroidismo, un problema de salud mundial, presenta diversos síntomas y es causado principalmente por la tiroiditis de Hashimoto, aunque las causas inducidas por medicamentos e iatrogénicas están aumentando.
  • El diagnóstico generalmente se basa en pruebas de función tiroidea sérica, pero los intervalos de referencia individualizados teniendo en cuenta la edad, el sexo y el embarazo están ganando importancia.
  • La levotiroxina en monoterapia es el tratamiento estándar, normalizando efectivamente las pruebas de función tiroidea y mejorando los síntomas en la mayoría de los pacientes.

Objetivo del estudio:

  • Revisar la epidemiología, los factores genéticos, las causas y la presentación clínica del hipotiroidismo.
  • Resaltar las consideraciones y controversias actuales de diagnóstico y gestión.
  • Para delinear las futuras direcciones de investigación en el hipotiroidismo.

Principales métodos:

  • Revisión de la literatura y síntesis de las investigaciones actuales sobre el hipotiroidismo.
  • Análisis de los criterios de diagnóstico y estrategias de tratamiento, incluida la levotiroxina, la liotironina y el extracto de tiroides desecado.
  • Discusión de los debates en curso sobre los umbrales de tratamiento y la gestión de los pacientes.

Principales resultados:

  • El hipotiroidismo afecta a casi todos los sistemas del cuerpo, con síntomas no específicos que a menudo requieren un diagnóstico bioquímico.
  • Si bien la levotiroxina es efectiva para muchos, aproximadamente el 10% de los pacientes experimentan síntomas persistentes, lo que lleva a la exploración de tratamientos alternativos.
  • Hay una necesidad reconocida de rangos de referencia de prueba de función tiroidea individualizados.

Conclusiones:

  • A pesar de los tratamientos estándar eficaces, los desafíos permanecen en el manejo de los síntomas persistentes en algunos pacientes con hipotiroidismo.
  • La investigación en curso es crucial para refinar las estrategias de tratamiento y abordar las controversias en el manejo del hipotiroidismo.
  • Una comprensión completa de los aspectos multifacéticos del hipotiroidismo es esencial para mejorar los resultados de los pacientes.