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La historia natural genómica de los uros
Conor Rossi1, Mikkel-Holger S Sinding2, Victoria E Mullin1
1Smurfit Institute of Genetics, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland.
Nature
|October 31, 2024
Resumen
Los genomas antiguos revelan cuatro ascendencias distintas de los uros (Bos primigenius) en Eurasia. Estas poblaciones respondieron dinámicamente al clima y a las presiones humanas, lo que influyó en la domesticación del ganado.
Área de la Ciencia:
- La paleogenómica
- Dinámica de los ecosistemas
- La domesticación de los animales
Sus antecedentes:
- El aurochs (Bos primigenius), una especie de piedra angular extinta, es el antepasado salvaje del ganado doméstico (Bos taurus).
- Comprender la estructura y la historia de la población de uros es crucial para conocer los ecosistemas prehistóricos y los orígenes del ganado.
Objetivo del estudio:
- Para reconstruir las historias de poblaciones de aurochs extinguidos usando genomas antiguos.
- Identificar los antepasados distintos de los uros y sus respuestas a los cambios ambientales y humanos.
- Para aclarar el papel de las poblaciones de avestruces en la domesticación del ganado.
Principales métodos:
- Análisis de 38 genomas de los antiguos uros.
- Análisis genéticos de poblaciones para identificar antepasados y trayectorias demográficas distintas.
- Comparación con los registros fósiles y los datos paleoclimáticos.
Principales resultados:
- Identificación de cuatro ascendencias distintas de los uros: europeo, asiático del suroeste, asiático del norte y asiático del sur.
- Demostración de cambios dinámicos de la población influenciados por el clima y la actividad humana.
- Evidencia de cuellos de botella de población y eventos de recolonización, especialmente en Europa.
- Identificación de los auroques del suroeste asiático como fuente de domesticación, con posterior mezcla.
Conclusiones:
- Las poblaciones de uros exhibieron una importante diversidad regional y respuestas adaptativas a cambios ambientales pasados.
- La domesticación del ganado involucró ancestros específicos de los uros y eventos complejos de mezcla.
- La genómica antigua proporciona una herramienta poderosa para comprender la historia evolutiva de las especies clave y su impacto en las sociedades humanas.
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