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Videos de Conceptos Relacionados

Cationic Chain-Growth Polymerization: Mechanism00:57

Cationic Chain-Growth Polymerization: Mechanism

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The cationic polymerization mechanism consists of three steps: initiation, propagation, and termination. In the initiation step of the polymerization process, the π bond of a monomer gets protonated by the Lewis acid catalyst, which is formed from boron trifluoride and water. The protonation of the π bond generates a carbocation stabilized by the electron‐donating group. In the propagation step, the π bond of the second monomer acts as a nucleophile and attacks the...
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Radical Chain-Growth Polymerization: Mechanism01:09

Radical Chain-Growth Polymerization: Mechanism

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The radical chain-growth polymerization mechanism consists of three steps: initiation, propagation, and termination of polymerization. The polymerization initiates when a free radical generated from the radical initiator adds to the unsaturated bond in the monomer. The unpaired electron of the free radical and one π electron in the unsaturated bond creates a σ bond between the free radical and the monomer. As a result, the other π electron in the unsaturated bond converts this...
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Anionic Chain-Growth Polymerization: Mechanism01:04

Anionic Chain-Growth Polymerization: Mechanism

2.0K
The mechanism for anionic chain-growth polymerization involves initiation, propagation, and termination steps. In the initiation step, a nucleophilic anion, such as butyl lithium, initiates the polymerization process by attacking the π bond of the vinylic monomer. As a result, a carbanion, stabilized by the electron‐withdrawing group, is generated. The resulting carbanion acts as a Michael donor in the propagation step and attacks the second vinylic monomer, which acts as a Michael...
2.0K
Radical Chain-Growth Polymerization: Overview01:10

Radical Chain-Growth Polymerization: Overview

2.4K
Chain-growth or addition polymerization is successive addition reactions of monomers with a polymer chain. In radical chain-growth polymerization, the reaction proceeds via a free-radical intermediate. The free radical is formed from radical initiators, which spontaneously generate free radicals by homolytic fission. Organic peroxides (such as dibenzoyl peroxide, as shown in Figure 1) or azo compounds are popular radical initiators. A low concentration ratio of radical initiator to monomer is...
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Restarting Stalled Replication Forks02:37

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DNA replication is initiated at sites containing predefined DNA sequences known as origins of replication. DNA is unwound at these sites by the minichromosome maintenance (MCM) helicase and other factors such as Cdc45 and the associated GINS complex.The unwound single strands are protected by replication protein A (RPA) until DNA polymerase starts synthesizing DNA at the 5’ end of the strand in the same direction as the replication fork. To prevent the replication fork from falling apart,...
5.7K
Anionic Chain-Growth Polymerization: Overview01:20

Anionic Chain-Growth Polymerization: Overview

2.1K
The polymerization process that involves carbanion as an intermediate is called anionic polymerization. It is also a type of addition or chain-growth polymerization. Anionic polymerization gets initiated by a strong nucleophile such as an organolithium or a Grignard reagent. The most commonly used initiator for anionic polymerization is butyl lithium. Monomers involved in anionic polymerization must possess a vinyl group bonded to one or two electron-withdrawing groups. For instance,...
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Updated: Jun 5, 2025

Light-mediated Reversible Modulation of the Mitogen-activated Protein Kinase Pathway during Cell Differentiation and Xenopus Embryonic Development
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Iniciadores para la regeneración continua del activador (ICAR) y despolimerización

Glen R Jones1, Maria-Nefeli Antonopoulou1, Nghia P Truong1

  • 1Laboratory for Polymeric Materials, Department of Materials, ETH Zürich, Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 5, 8093 Zürich, Switzerland.

Journal of the American Chemical Society
|December 12, 2024
PubMed
Resumen
Este resumen es generado por máquina.

Los iniciadores para la regeneración continua del activador (ICAR) reducen significativamente las temperaturas de reacción para el reciclaje de polímeros de polimerización radical de transferencia atómica (ATRP). Este método logra altos rendimientos de monómeros a 120 °C, reduciendo el consumo de energía y las reacciones secundarias.

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Área de la Ciencia:

  • Química de los polímeros
  • Química sustentable
  • Ingeniería Química

Sus antecedentes:

  • El reciclaje químico de polímeros de polimerización radical por transferencia atómica (ATRP) requiere altas temperaturas (170 °C).
  • Las altas temperaturas conducen a la ineficiencia energética y a la reducción de los rendimientos de despolimerización debido a la degradación del grupo final.
  • Los métodos existentes carecen de eficiencia y amplia aplicabilidad para el reciclaje de polímeros ATRP.

Objetivo del estudio:

  • Introducir los iniciadores para la despolimerización de regeneración continua del activador (ICAR) como método de reciclado a baja temperatura para los polímeros ATRP.
  • Demostrar la eficiencia y la versatilidad de la despolimerización ICAR.
  • Reducir el consumo de energía y las reacciones secundarias en el reciclaje de polímeros.

Principales métodos:

  • Utilizó iniciadores de radicales libres disponibles en el mercado para permitir la regeneración continua del activador.
  • Aplicación de la despolimerización ICAR a los polímeros sintetizados con ATRP.
  • Se ha investigado la eficiencia de la despolimerización, las temperaturas de reacción y las reacciones secundarias mediante estudios de incubación.
  • Compatibilidad probada con diferentes grupos finales de polímeros (cloro, bromo) y catalizadores (cobre, hierro).

Principales resultados:

  • Se obtiene una eficiencia de despolimerización del 96% a 120 °C, una reducción significativa con respecto a los métodos tradicionales.
  • Las conversiones de despolimerización ICAR son comparables a las despolimerizaciones de transferencia de cadena de fragmentación por adición térmica reversible (RAFT, por sus siglas en inglés).
  • Se eliminaron las reacciones secundarias perjudiciales a temperaturas más suaves.
  • Se ha demostrado la despolimerización exitosa de los polímeros terminados en cloro y bromo con catalizadores de cobre y hierro.
  • La metodología se amplió con éxito hasta 1 gramo.

Conclusiones:

  • La despolimerización ICAR ofrece un enfoque ampliamente aplicable y eficiente para el reciclaje químico a baja temperatura de polímeros ATRP.
  • Este método mejora la sostenibilidad al reducir el consumo de energía y mejorar los rendimientos.
  • La despolimerización ICAR es robusta, versátil y compatible con varios sistemas ATRP.