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Overview of the Axial Skeleton01:09

Overview of the Axial Skeleton

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The skeleton is subdivided into two major divisions—the axial skeleton and the appendicular skeleton. The axial skeleton forms the vertical, central axis of the body. It includes all of the bones of the head, neck, chest, and back. It protects the brain, spinal cord, heart, and lungs. It also serves as the attachment site for muscles that move the head, neck, and back and for muscles that act across the shoulder and hip joints to move their corresponding limbs.
The axial skeleton of the...
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Articulations of the Vertebral Column01:28

Articulations of the Vertebral Column

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In addition to being held together by the intervertebral discs, adjacent vertebrae also articulate with each other at synovial joints formed between the superior and inferior articular processes called zygapophysial joints (facet joints). These are plane joints that provide for only limited motions between the vertebrae. The orientation of the articular processes at these joints varies in different regions of the vertebral column and serves to determine the types of motions available in each...
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Axial and Appendicular Muscles01:18

Axial and Appendicular Muscles

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Skeletal muscles, the key players in our body's movement, can be classified into two groups based on their location and function: axial muscles and appendicular muscles. These classifications reflect the primary roles the muscles play in the body's structure and movement.
Axial Muscles
Axial muscles, situated along the body's midline, are intricately connected to the axial skeleton, which includes the skull, spine, ribs, and sternum. These muscles facilitate facial expressions and...
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Functional Classification of Joints01:09

Functional Classification of Joints

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Functional Classification of Joints
The functional classification of joints is determined by the amount of mobility between the adjacent bones. Joints are functionally classified as a synarthrosis or immobile joint, an amphiarthrosis or slightly moveable joint, or as a diarthrosis, a freely moveable joint. Fibrous and cartilaginous joints can be functionally classified as either synarthroses  or amphiarthroses, whereas all synovial joints are classified as diarthroses.
Synarthrosis
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Eccentric Axial Loading in a Plane of Symmetry01:16

Eccentric Axial Loading in a Plane of Symmetry

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Eccentric axial loading occurs when an axial load is applied away from the centroidal axis of a structural member. This scenario is common in engineering, where structural elements may not be directly aligned due to various design or functional requirements.
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Introduction to Joints00:58

Introduction to Joints

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The adult human body usually has 206 bones, and except for the hyoid bone in the neck, each bone is connected to at least one other bone. Joints are the location where bones come together. Many joints allow for movement between the bones. At these joints, the articulating surfaces of the adjacent bones can move smoothly against each other. However, the bones of other joints may be joined by connective tissue or cartilage. These joints are designed for stability and provide little or no...
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Artículos Relacionados

Artículos vinculados a este trabajo por autores compartidos, revista y gráfico de citas.

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Optimizing the use of patient-reported outcome measures in axial spondyloarthritis: a mixed-methods study from the QUESTIONAX Project.

Seminars in arthritis and rheumatism·2026
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Instrument selection for the assessment of peripheral arthritis in axial and peripheral spondyloarthritis: an ASAS project.

Annals of the rheumatic diseases·2026
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Measurement properties of instruments assessing peripheral arthritis disease activity in spondyloarthritis: a systematic literature review.

RMD open·2026
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Comparison of the established ASAS definition and preliminary proposed data-driven cut-offs for inflammatory and structural MRI lesions in the sacroiliac joints for eligibility of patients with nonradiographic axial spondyloarthritis in clinical trials.

Annals of the rheumatic diseases·2026
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Early identification of difficult-to-manage axial spondyloarthritis using machine-learning decision trees.

Therapeutic advances in musculoskeletal disease·2026
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Corrigendum to "Development and validation analysis of a corrected axial spondyloarthritis metrology index (CASMI)" [Seminars in Arthritis and Rheumatism 78 (2026) 152981].

Seminars in arthritis and rheumatism·2026

Video Experimental Relacionado

Updated: Jun 3, 2025

Author Spotlight: Evaluating Traditional Chinese Therapy for Ankylosing Spondylitis in Mice
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Author Spotlight: Evaluating Traditional Chinese Therapy for Ankylosing Spondylitis in Mice

Published on: October 27, 2023

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Espondilitis axial

Victoria Navarro-Compán1, Alexandre Sepriano2, Dafne Capelusnik3

  • 1Department of Rheumatology, University Hospital La Paz, IdiPaz, Madrid, Spain.

Lancet (London, England)
|January 11, 2025
PubMed
Resumen

La espondiloartritis axial es una condición inflamatoria crónica que causa dolor de espalda y rigidez. El diagnóstico y el tratamiento tempranos, incluidos los AINE y las terapias avanzadas, son cruciales para prevenir daños irreversibles y mejorar la calidad de vida del paciente.

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Área de la Ciencia:

  • Reumatología e Inmunología
  • Enfermedades musculoesqueléticas

Sus antecedentes:

  • La espondiloartritis axial (AxSpA) es una enfermedad inflamatoria crónica que afecta a las articulaciones sacroilíacas y a la columna vertebral.
  • Los síntomas iniciales incluyen dolor de espalda y rigidez, pero también son comunes las manifestaciones periféricas y extra-musculoesqueléticas.
  • El diagnóstico es difícil, ya que requiere una combinación de hallazgos clínicos, de laboratorio (HLA-B27) e imágenes.

Objetivo del estudio:

  • Proporcionar una visión general de la espondiloartritis axial, incluidas sus manifestaciones, desafíos de diagnóstico y estrategias de manejo actuales.
  • Destacar la importancia del diagnóstico oportuno y la evaluación de la actividad persistente de la enfermedad para prevenir el daño estructural.
  • Discutir las direcciones futuras para mejorar la conciencia de la enfermedad, el diagnóstico y los resultados de los pacientes.

Principales métodos:

  • Revisión de los patrones clínicos, los marcadores de laboratorio (HLA-B27) y los resultados de las imágenes (radiografías, resonancia magnética) para el diagnóstico.
  • Utilización de los criterios de clasificación de la Sociedad Internacional para la Evaluación de la Espondilitis (ASAS).
  • Evaluación de la actividad de la enfermedad utilizando herramientas como la puntuación de actividad de la enfermedad de la espondiloartritis axial (ASDAS).

Principales resultados:

  • AxSpA presenta diversos síntomas, lo que requiere un enfoque de diagnóstico integral.
  • La actividad persistente de la enfermedad se correlaciona con daños estructurales irreversibles y deterioro funcional.
  • El tratamiento actual incluye intervenciones no farmacológicas y terapias farmacológicas, con los AINE como primera línea y los inhibidores biológicos / JAK como segunda línea.

Conclusiones:

  • El diagnóstico precoz y preciso de AxSpA es fundamental para un tratamiento eficaz.
  • La optimización de las estrategias de manejo de la enfermedad es esencial para mitigar las complicaciones a largo plazo.
  • Los avances futuros tienen como objetivo mejorar la conciencia de la enfermedad, las capacidades de diagnóstico y la calidad de vida del paciente.