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Los genomas de murciélagos iluminan las adaptaciones a la tolerancia viral y la resistencia a las enfermedades

Ariadna E Morales^1,2,3, Yue Dong^4,5, Thomas Brown^6,7

¹LOEWE Centre for Translational Biodiversity Genomics, Frankfurt, Germany.

|January 29, 2025

Resumen

Los murciélagos poseen adaptaciones genéticas inmunes únicas, lo que les permite albergar virus sin enfermedades graves. Su proteína ISG15 muestra una potente actividad antiviral, incluso contra el SARS-CoV-2, que ofrece información sobre la tolerancia viral.

Área de la Ciencia:

La genómica
Inmunología
Virología

Sus antecedentes:

Los murciélagos son reservorios para numerosos virus zoonóticos, sin embargo, las infecciones a menudo son asintomáticas.
Comprender los sistemas inmunológicos de los murciélagos es crucial para controlar los riesgos de enfermedades zoonóticas.

Objetivo del estudio:

Para investigar la base genómica de la resistencia a las enfermedades en murciélagos.
Identificar las adaptaciones de genes inmunes que contribuyen a la tolerancia viral en murciélagos.

Principales métodos:

Análisis genómico comparativo de 115 genomas de mamíferos, centrado en los murciélagos.
Identificación de las firmas de selección en los genes inmunes.
Experimentos de infección celular in vitro con el murciélago ISG15.

Principales resultados:

Los murciélagos exhiben significativamente más adaptaciones de genes inmunes que otros mamíferos.
Se encontraron adaptaciones específicas en la entrada viral, la detección y los genes de respuesta antiviral.
La proteína ISG15 del murciélago tiene una potente actividad antiviral, incluso contra el SARS-CoV-2, distinta de su función humana.

Conclusiones:

Los murciélagos han desarrollado mecanismos moleculares únicos para la tolerancia viral y la resistencia a las enfermedades.
El murciélago ISG15 juega un papel clave en la defensa antiviral, ofreciendo perspectivas potenciales para el desarrollo terapéutico.

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