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02:40Epiphytes, Parasites, and Carnivores
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Plants often form mutualistic relationships with soil-dwelling fungi or bacteria to enhance their roots’ nutrient uptake ability. Root-colonizing fungi (e.g., mycorrhizae) increase a plant’s root surface area, which promotes nutrient absorption. While root-colonizing, nitrogen-fixing bacteria (e.g., rhizobia) convert atmospheric nitrogen (N2) into ammonia (NH3), making nitrogen available to plants for various biological functions. For example, nitrogen is essential for the...
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02:16Light Acquisition
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In order to produce glucose, plants need to capture sufficient light energy. Many modern plants have evolved leaves specialized for light acquisition. Leaves can be only millimeters in width or tens of meters wide, depending on the environment. Due to competition for sunlight, evolution has driven the evolution of increasingly larger leaves and taller plants, to avoid shading by their neighbors with contaminant elaboration of root architecture and mechanisms to transport water and nutrients.
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01:27C4 Pathway and CAM
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Most plants use the C3 pathway for carbon fixation. However, some plants, such as sugar cane, corn, and cacti that grow in hot conditions, use alternative pathways to fix carbon and conserve energy loss due to photorespiration. Photorespiration is the process that occurs when the oxygen concentration is high. Under such conditions, the rubisco enzyme in the Calvin cycle binds O2 instead of CO2, which halts photosynthesis and consumes energy.
C4 Pathway
The C4 pathway is used by plants such as...
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02:31Habitat Fragmentation
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Habitat fragmentation describes the division of a more extensive, continuous habitat into smaller, discontinuous areas. Human activities such as land conversion, as well as slower geological processes leading to changes in the physical environment, are the two leading causes of habitat fragmentation. The fragmentation process typically follows the same steps: perforation, dissection, fragmentation, shrinkage, and attrition.
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02:02Ecological Niches
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All organisms have a position within an ecosystem. The complete set of living and nonliving factors—including food resources, climate, and terrain—that define the position of a given organism are collectively referred to as the organism’s ecological niche.
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02:27Background and Environment Affect Phenotype
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Although the genetic makeup of an organism plays a major role in determining the phenotype, there are also several environmental factors, such as temperature, oxygen availability, presence of mutagens, that can alter an organism’s phenotype.
An example of how genetic background affects phenotype can be seen in horses. The Extension gene in horses is responsible for their coat color. A wild-type gene (EE) produces black pigment in the coat, while a mutant gene (ee) produces red pigment. A...
An example of how genetic background affects phenotype can be seen in horses. The Extension gene in horses is responsible for their coat color. A wild-type gene (EE) produces black pigment in the coat, while a mutant gene (ee) produces red pigment. A...
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Variación de rasgos funcionales del dosel en los bosques tropicales de la Tierra
Jesús Aguirre-Gutiérrez1,2, Sami W Rifai3, Xiongjie Deng4
1Environmental Change Institute, School of Geography and the Environment, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK. jeaggu@gmail.com.
Nature
|March 5, 2025
Resumen
Los bosques tropicales exhiben una importante diversidad funcional a través de los continentes. Los bosques tropicales de América muestran una mayor riqueza, mientras que los bosques africanos muestran una mayor divergencia en los rasgos de los árboles, lo que afecta a las funciones del ecosistema.
Área de la Ciencia:
- Ecología
- Biogeografía
- Detección remota
Sus antecedentes:
- Las copas de los bosques tropicales son interfaces críticas para los ciclos globales de carbono, agua y energía.
- Los Modelos actuales del Sistema Terrestre simplifican en exceso los bosques tropicales, careciendo de representación de su heterogeneidad funcional.
- La variación geográfica en las propiedades funcionales del dosel del bosque tropical es poco conocida.
Objetivo del estudio:
- Para predecir y mapear la diversidad funcional de los bosques tropicales a nivel mundial.
- Comprender la variación geográfica en los rasgos funcionales de los árboles en las regiones tropicales.
- Identificar áreas para la futura recopilación de datos para mejorar los modelos globales de bosques tropicales.
Principales métodos:
- Datos de campo combinados de más de 1.800 parcelas de vegetación y rasgos de árboles con datos de satélite de teledetección, terreno, clima y suelo.
- Variación predicha en 13 rasgos funcionales morfológicos, estructurales y químicos de los árboles.
- Calculó y mapeó la diversidad funcional de los bosques tropicales.
Principales resultados:
- Los bosques tropicales americanos, africanos y asiáticos ocupan espacios de rasgos funcionales distintos.
- Los bosques tropicales de América exhiben un 40% más de riqueza funcional en comparación con los bosques africanos y asiáticos.
- Los bosques africanos muestran la mayor divergencia funcional, superando a los bosques americanos y asiáticos en un 32% y un 7%, respectivamente.
Conclusiones:
- La variación geográfica en los rasgos funcionales de los bosques tropicales es sustancial y predecible.
- Los espacios de rasgos funcionales distintos resaltan las diferencias regionales en los ecosistemas de los bosques tropicales.
- El estudio proporciona una base para una mejor parametrización del Modelo del Sistema Terrestre e identifica áreas clave para futuras investigaciones.