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El impacto humano global en la biodiversidad

François Keck^1,2, Tianna Peller^3,4, Roman Alther^3,4

¹Department of Evolutionary Biology and Environmental Studies, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland. francois.keck@gmail.com.

|March 27, 2025

Resumen

Las actividades humanas tienen un impacto en la biodiversidad al alterar la composición de la comunidad y reducir la diversidad local a nivel mundial. Sin embargo, contrariamente a las expectativas, estas presiones no conducen constantemente a la homogeneización biótica en los ecosistemas.

Área de la Ciencia:

Ecología
Ciencias del medio ambiente
Biología de la conservación

Sus antecedentes:

Las actividades humanas causan importantes presiones ambientales que afectan a la biodiversidad a nivel mundial.
Las generalizaciones sobre el alcance y la naturaleza de los impactos humanos en la biodiversidad siguen sin estar claras.
Las investigaciones anteriores muestran conclusiones mixtas sobre las trayectorias de la biodiversidad y la homogeneización espacial.

Objetivo del estudio:

Evaluar exhaustivamente el impacto global de las principales presiones humanas sobre la biodiversidad.
Investigar cómo las presiones humanas afectan la composición de la comunidad y la diversidad local.
Determinar si las actividades humanas conducen a la homogeneización biótica en los ecosistemas.

Principales métodos:

Datos recopilados de 2.133 publicaciones, analizando 97.783 sitios.
Creó un conjunto de datos de 3,667 comparaciones independientes entre grupos de organismos, hábitats y presiones humanas.
Cuantificó tres medidas clave de biodiversidad: cambios en la composición de la comunidad, cambios en la diversidad local y homogeneización espacial.

Principales resultados:

Las presiones humanas alteran significativamente la composición de la comunidad y disminuyen la diversidad local en entornos terrestres, de agua dulce y marinos.
No se encontró evidencia consistente de homogeneización biótica general en todos los ecosistemas.
Los cambios en la biodiversidad variaron en dirección y magnitud dependiendo de la presión, el grupo de organismos y la escala de estudio.

Conclusiones:

Las presiones humanas tienen impactos distintos y generalizados en la biodiversidad, alterando la estructura de la comunidad y reduciendo la diversidad local.
El resultado esperado de la homogeneización biótica no es una consecuencia universal de las actividades humanas.
La comprensión de los factores mediadores es crucial para las estrategias de conservación eficaces y el desarrollo de políticas.

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