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An ecological disturbance is a temporary disruption in the environment resulting from abiotic, biotic, or anthropogenic factors, causing a pronounced change in an ecosystem. The impact of an ecological disturbance, which can depend on its intensity, frequency, and spatial distribution, plays a significant role in shaping the species diversity within the ecosystem.
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El impacto humano global en la biodiversidad

François Keck1,2, Tianna Peller3,4, Roman Alther3,4

  • 1Department of Evolutionary Biology and Environmental Studies, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland. francois.keck@gmail.com.

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Las actividades humanas tienen un impacto en la biodiversidad al alterar la composición de la comunidad y reducir la diversidad local a nivel mundial. Sin embargo, contrariamente a las expectativas, estas presiones no conducen constantemente a la homogeneización biótica en los ecosistemas.

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Área de la Ciencia:

  • Ecología
  • Ciencias del medio ambiente
  • Biología de la conservación

Sus antecedentes:

  • Las actividades humanas causan importantes presiones ambientales que afectan a la biodiversidad a nivel mundial.
  • Las generalizaciones sobre el alcance y la naturaleza de los impactos humanos en la biodiversidad siguen sin estar claras.
  • Las investigaciones anteriores muestran conclusiones mixtas sobre las trayectorias de la biodiversidad y la homogeneización espacial.

Objetivo del estudio:

  • Evaluar exhaustivamente el impacto global de las principales presiones humanas sobre la biodiversidad.
  • Investigar cómo las presiones humanas afectan la composición de la comunidad y la diversidad local.
  • Determinar si las actividades humanas conducen a la homogeneización biótica en los ecosistemas.

Principales métodos:

  • Datos recopilados de 2.133 publicaciones, analizando 97.783 sitios.
  • Creó un conjunto de datos de 3,667 comparaciones independientes entre grupos de organismos, hábitats y presiones humanas.
  • Cuantificó tres medidas clave de biodiversidad: cambios en la composición de la comunidad, cambios en la diversidad local y homogeneización espacial.

Principales resultados:

  • Las presiones humanas alteran significativamente la composición de la comunidad y disminuyen la diversidad local en entornos terrestres, de agua dulce y marinos.
  • No se encontró evidencia consistente de homogeneización biótica general en todos los ecosistemas.
  • Los cambios en la biodiversidad variaron en dirección y magnitud dependiendo de la presión, el grupo de organismos y la escala de estudio.

Conclusiones:

  • Las presiones humanas tienen impactos distintos y generalizados en la biodiversidad, alterando la estructura de la comunidad y reduciendo la diversidad local.
  • El resultado esperado de la homogeneización biótica no es una consecuencia universal de las actividades humanas.
  • La comprensión de los factores mediadores es crucial para las estrategias de conservación eficaces y el desarrollo de políticas.