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Eukaryotic Compartmentalization01:37

Eukaryotic Compartmentalization

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One of the distinguishing features of eukaryotic cells is that they contain membrane-bound organelles, such as the nucleus and mitochondria, that carry out specialized functions. Since biological membranes are only selectively permeable to solutes, they help create a compartment with controlled conditions inside an organelle. These microenvironments are tailored to the organelle's specific functions and help isolate them from the surrounding cytosol.
For example, lysosomes in the animal...
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Regulation of Nuclear Protein Sorting01:45

Regulation of Nuclear Protein Sorting

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Nuclear protein sorting regulates nucleus composition and gene expression, crucial for determining the fate of a eukaryotic cell. Hence, the entry and exit of molecules across the nuclear envelope is a tightly controlled process. Nuclear protein sorting can be inhibited by one of the following ways: 1) masking cargo signal sequences, 2) modifying the nuclear receptor's affinity for cargo, 3) controlling the nuclear pore size, 4) retaining the cargo during its transit to the cytosol or the...
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Nuclear Protein Sorting01:34

Nuclear Protein Sorting

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Nuclear protein sorting is the selective trafficking of histones, polymerases, gene regulatory proteins into the nucleus and exporting RNAs and ribosomes to the cytosol. It is a tightly controlled process that regulates gene expression within a cell.
Proteins targeted to the nucleus carry nuclear localization signals or NLS recognized by import receptors in the cytosol. Similarly, proteins with nuclear export signals are recognized by export receptors. Import and export receptors are...
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Additional Subnuclear Structures02:10

Additional Subnuclear Structures

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The eukaryotic nucleus is a double membrane-bound organelle that contains nearly all of the cell’s genetic material in the form of chromosomes. It is rightly called the “brain” of the cell as it shoulders the responsibility of responding to various physiological processes, stress, altered metabolic conditions, and other cellular signals. 
The nucleus contains many membrane-less subnuclear organelles or nuclear bodies, such as nucleoli, Cajal bodies, speckles,...
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Nuclear Localization Signals and Import01:46

Nuclear Localization Signals and Import

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Proteins targeted to the nucleus carry short stretches of amino acid sequences called the nuclear localization signal or NLS. Classical nuclear localization signals are of two types: monopartite and bipartite NLS. Monopartite classical NLS (cNLS) consists of a single cluster of 4-8 amino acids. Bipartite cNLS consists of two clusters of  2-3 amino acids and a 9-12 residue long proline-rich linker bridging the two clusters. Signal clusters are rich in positively charged amino acids such as...
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The Nucleus01:32

The Nucleus

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The nucleus is a membrane-bound organelle that acts as a control center in a eukaryotic cell. It contains chromosomal DNA, which controls gene expression and precisely regulates the production of proteins within the cell. In contrast, the DNA inside the mitochondria and chloroplast only carries out functions that are specific to those organelles.
Arrangement of DNA within Nucleus
The regulation of gene expression inside the nucleus is dependent on many factors, including the DNA structure. The...
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Updated: May 23, 2025

Isolation of Nuclei from Flash-Frozen Liver Tissue for Single-Cell Multiomics
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La multiomía espacial revela compartimentos nucleares específicos para el tipo de célula

Yodai Takei1, Yujing Yang2, Jonathan White2

  • 1Division of Biology and Biological Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, USA. ytakei@caltech.edu.

Nature
|April 9, 2025
PubMed
Resumen
Este resumen es generado por máquina.

Este estudio introduce la secuencia de ADN de dos capas FISH+ para mapear los loci genómicos, el transcriptoma y las estructuras nucleares en células individuales. Revela la organización de la cromatina específica del tipo celular y la regulación génica en el cerebelo del ratón.

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Área de la Ciencia:

  • Biología celular
  • La genómica
  • La epigenética

Sus antecedentes:

  • El núcleo de los mamíferos contiene diversas estructuras subnucleares específicas del tipo de célula que influyen en la regulación genética y la organización del genoma.
  • Comprender estas estructuras requiere mapear sus componentes moleculares, asociaciones genómicas y efectos de transcripción en células individuales dentro de tejidos complejos.

Objetivo del estudio:

  • Desarrollar y aplicar un nuevo método multiómico de alta resolución para el mapeo simultáneo de los loci genómicos, el transcriptoma naciente y las estructuras subnucleares en células individuales.
  • Investigar la organización de la cromatina específica del tipo celular, la regulación génica y el papel de las estructuras subnucleares en tejidos complejos.

Principales métodos:

  • Desarrollo de la secuencia de ADN de dos capas FISH+ para el mapeo simultáneo de 100 049 loci genómicos, el transcriptoma naciente de 17 856 genes y las estructuras subnucleares en células individuales.
  • Aplicación del método a conjuntos de datos multiómicos del cerebelo de ratones adultos.
  • Análisis de datos de perfiles de cromatina basados en imágenes a escalas genómicas desde 100-200 kilobases hasta ~ 1 megabase.

Principales resultados:

  • Las regiones de cromatina represivas exhiben una mayor variabilidad de tipo celular que las regiones activas en todo el genoma.
  • Los focos de ARN polimerasa II se asocian con genes largos específicos del tipo celular, distintos de las manchas nucleares.
  • La heterocromatina específica del tipo celular (H3K27me3, H4K20me3) se enriquece en genes/grupos, influyendo en el posicionamiento cromosómico y las interacciones en las neuronas y las células gliales.

Conclusiones:

  • La secuencia de ADN de dos capas FISH+ proporciona una vista multicelular de alta resolución de las estructuras subnucleares y sus asociaciones genómicas.
  • Los hallazgos ofrecen información sobre los efectos de las estructuras subnucleares en la regulación génica y la organización tridimensional del genoma dentro de tejidos complejos.