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Disolución en dos etapas de los polisulfuros de litio en las baterías de litio-azufre en funcionamiento

Xi-Yao Li¹, Bo-Quan Li^2,3, Shuai Feng⁴

¹Beijing Key Laboratory of Complex Solid State Batteries & Tsinghua Center for Green Chemical Engineering Electrification, Department of Chemical Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China.

Journal of the American Chemical Society

|April 22, 2025

Resumen

Los investigadores exploraron las baterías de litio-azufre (Li-S), y descubrieron que el debilitamiento del poder de solvatación de electrolitos (ESP) para los polisulfuros de litio (LiPS) mejora la vida útil pero retrasa las reacciones. Los catalizadores avanzados permitieron una alta densidad de energía y ciclos estables.

Área de la Ciencia:

La electroquímica
Ciencias de los materiales
Almacenamiento de energía

Sus antecedentes:

Las baterías de litio-azufre (Li-S) ofrecen un potencial de alta densidad energética.
Un desafío importante es la corrosión del ánodo de metal de litio por los polisulfuros de litio (LiPS), lo que limita la vida útil del ciclo.
El debilitamiento del poder de solvatación de electrolitos (ESP) para los LiPS puede mitigar esta corrosión, pero a menudo dificulta la cinética de la reacción catódica.

Objetivo del estudio:

Para aclarar la relación entre la ESP y la cinética redox de LiPS en electrolitos de solvatación débil.
Desarrollar estrategias para baterías Li-S de alto rendimiento mediante la comprensión y el control de la solvación de LiPS.
Para superar las limitaciones cinéticas asociadas con el ESP debilitado.

Principales métodos:

Se investigó la correlación entre la cinética redox de ESP y LiPS en electrolitos con contenido variable de solvente de solvatación débil (WSS).
Analizó la transición en ESP basada en la interacción de WSS con la capa de solvación interna de LiPS.
Se han introducido electrocatalizadores avanzados para mejorar la cinética de la reacción y reducir la polarización.

Principales resultados:

La ESP muestra una variación de dos etapas con un aumento del contenido de WSS, dependiendo de que el WSS entre en la capa de solvación de LiPS.
La coordinación directa de WSS con LiPS conduce a un deterioro significativo de la cinética de transferencia de carga y un aumento de la polarización de activación.
Los electrocatalizadores redujeron efectivamente la polarización y prolongaron la vida útil del ciclo.
Se alcanza una densidad de energía ultraalta de 607 W h kg ^-1 en celdas de bolsa de 10 Ah con ciclos estables.

Conclusiones:

La comprensión de la disolución de LiPS y la cinética en electrolitos de baja disolución es crucial para las baterías Li-S de alto rendimiento.
El debilitamiento de la ESP es una estrategia viable para mitigar la corrosión de LiPS, pero requiere una compensación cinética.
Los hallazgos ponen de relieve la importancia del diseño de electrolitos y la electrocatálisis para el avance de la tecnología de baterías Li-S.

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