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El microbioma y el cáncer: una revisión de la ciencia traslacional
Estefania Fernandez1, Jennifer A Wargo2,3, Beth A Helmink2
1Department of Gynecologic Oncology & Reproductive Medicine, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston.
JAMA
|May 12, 2025
Resumen
Los microbios en el intestino influyen en el desarrollo del cáncer y la respuesta al tratamiento. Las estrategias que modulan estos microbios, como el trasplante de microbiota fecal, pueden mejorar los resultados de la inmunoterapia contra el cáncer.
Área de la Ciencia:
- Investigación del microbioma
- Biología del cáncer
- La inmunoterapia
Sus antecedentes:
- La creciente evidencia vincula la microbiota intestinal con el desarrollo y la progresión del cáncer.
- Los microbios en varios sitios del cuerpo, incluidos el intestino y el tracto respiratorio, impactan la carcinogénesis y la metástasis.
- Los microbios asociados al tumor pueden influir en la eficacia del tratamiento del cáncer y en los efectos secundarios.
Objetivo del estudio:
- Para explorar el papel del microbioma en el cáncer.
- Evaluar el impacto de la modulación microbiana en los resultados del tratamiento del cáncer.
- Resaltar las posibles estrategias terapéuticas futuras dirigidas al microbioma.
Principales métodos:
- Revisión de las pruebas clínicas y preclínicas.
- Análisis de estudios relacionados con el trasplante de microbiota fecal y las intervenciones dietéticas.
- Examen de los resultados asociados al uso de antibióticos durante la inmunoterapia contra el cáncer.
Principales resultados:
- La modulación de los microbios intestinales a través del trasplante de microbiota fecal y la dieta mejoró los resultados en pacientes con inmunoterapia contra el cáncer.
- La alteración de la microbiota intestinal por los antibióticos empeoró la supervivencia y aumentó los efectos adversos en pacientes que recibieron inmunoterapia.
- La presencia de microbios dentro de los tumores afecta la respuesta al tratamiento.
Conclusiones:
- Los microbios influyen en el desarrollo, la progresión y la respuesta al tratamiento del cáncer.
- Dirigirse a las comunidades microbianas en el intestino y otros sitios es prometedor para mejorar los resultados de los pacientes con cáncer.
- Las terapias futuras pueden aprovechar la modulación del microbioma para mejorar el tratamiento del cáncer.
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