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Desde el norte de Asia hasta América del Sur: rastreando la migración humana más larga a través de la secuenciación

Elena S Gusareva^1,2,3, Amit Gourav Ghosh^1,2,3, Vladimir N Kharkov^3,4

¹The Asian School of the Environment, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore.

Science (New York, N.Y.)

|May 15, 2025

Resumen

El análisis genético de las poblaciones del norte de Asia y América del Sur revela ascendencia siberiana occidental en Siberia y adaptaciones árticas en los beringios occidentales. La migración sudamericana condujo a la disminución de la población y la reducción de la diversidad genética debido a las presiones ambientales.

Área de la Ciencia:

Genética de las poblaciones
La evolución del hombre
La genómica

Sus antecedentes:

Comprender la diversidad genética de las poblaciones poco estudiadas es crucial para una visión integral de la historia humana.
Asia del Norte y América del Sur albergan diversos grupos étnicos con historias de migración únicas y adaptaciones ambientales.
Los estudios genómicos anteriores no han capturado completamente el paisaje genético de estas regiones.

Objetivo del estudio:

Para caracterizar la composición genética de 1537 individuos de 139 grupos étnicos en el norte de Asia y América del Sur.
Investigar los componentes ancestrales y las variaciones genéticas adaptativas dentro de estas poblaciones.
Explorar el impacto de los patrones migratorios históricos y los factores ambientales en la diversidad genética.

Principales métodos:

Secuenciación de todo el genoma de 1537 individuos en 139 grupos étnicos.
Análisis genéticos de poblaciones, incluida la inferencia de ascendencia y el mapeo de mezclas.
Identificación de las variantes genéticas asociadas con las adaptaciones ambientales.

Principales resultados:

La ascendencia siberiana occidental (Kets, Nenets) es un contribuyente significativo a las poblaciones siberianas.
Los grupos beringios occidentales (Koryaks, Inuit, Luoravetlans) muestran adaptaciones genéticas a los climas árticos, incluidas las variantes médicamente relevantes.
Las poblaciones sudamericanas divergieron hace unos 13.900 años en amazonas, andinas, amerindias del Chaco y patagónicas, con posterior disminución de la población y reducción de la diversidad genética / inmunogénica debido al aislamiento y los factores ambientales.

Conclusiones:

La historia de la población y las presiones ambientales han moldeado profundamente la arquitectura genética de las poblaciones humanas en el norte de Asia y América del Sur.
Las adaptaciones genéticas a entornos específicos, como el Ártico, son evidentes en ciertas poblaciones.
El estudio proporciona información genómica valiosa sobre grupos étnicos poco estudiados, destacando el impacto de la migración y el aislamiento en la diversidad genética humana.

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