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Transferencia de electrones mediada por puente: Comunicación de redox bioinspirada para la oxidación anaeróbica

Quanhao Dou^1,2, Jiachun Yang³, Li Zhang^1,2

¹National Engineering Laboratory for Advanced Municipal Wastewater Treatment and Reuse Technology, Key Laboratory of Beijing for Water Quality Science and Water Environment Recovery Engineering, Beijing University of Technology, Beijing 100124, China.

Journal of the American Chemical Society

|June 11, 2025

Resumen

Este estudio mejora la eliminación de nitrógeno en las aguas residuales mediante el uso de materiales conductores para mejorar la transferencia de electrones para las bacterias anammox, lo que permite la eliminación sostenible de amonio sin nitrito. Este avance apoya el tratamiento de aguas residuales y los objetivos de neutralidad de carbono.

Área de la Ciencia:

Microbiología ambiental
Biotecnología
Tratamiento de aguas residuales

Sus antecedentes:

La eliminación sostenible del nitrógeno mediante la oxidación anaeróbica del amonio (anammox) está limitada por la deficiencia de nitrito (NO2-) en las aguas residuales reales.
La transferencia de electrones extracelular microbiana (EET) ofrece una vía anammox independiente del nitrito, pero la transferencia lenta de electrones de la interfaz microbio-material impide su aplicación.

Objetivo del estudio:

Para mejorar la transferencia de electrones microbianos extracelulares (EET) para el anammox independiente del nitrito.
Mejorar la aplicación de la ingeniería de anammox en condiciones reales de aguas residuales.

Principales métodos:

Se utilizaron materiales de puente conductores, específicamente nanopartículas Fe2O3 encapsuladas por sustancias poliméricas extracelulares ricas en flavina, para mejorar el contacto eléctrico entre las bacterias anammox y los aceptores insolubles.
Se ha investigado la señalización redox mediada por Fe2O3 (Fe2+/Fe3+) para la coordinación metabólica microbiana y el crecimiento autotrófico.
Monitoreo de la eficiencia de la eliminación del amonio, la estabilidad operativa y los cambios en la estructura de la comunidad microbiana.

Principales resultados:

Se logró un alto flujo de electrones (6,86 mA·cm−2) en la interfaz anammox bacteria-Fe2O3, significativamente más alto que los informes anteriores.
Se ha demostrado una eliminación estable del amonio (aprox. 97,90%) continuamente durante más de 150 días en condiciones limitadas de nitrito.
Se observó un aumento del crecimiento autotrófico de las bacterias anammox (aumento de abundancia relativa del 127,22%) y una mejora de la coordinación metabólica a través de la señalización redox Fe2+/ Fe3+.

Conclusiones:

La estrategia propuesta supera efectivamente el desafío del suministro de nitritos en el tratamiento de aguas residuales al permitir una EET eficiente para el anammox.
Las nanopartículas Fe2O3 actúan como puentes conductores y moléculas de señalización redox, promoviendo la supervivencia, el crecimiento y la eliminación de nitrógeno de las bacterias anammox.
Este avance contribuye al tratamiento sostenible de las aguas residuales y apoya el progreso industrial hacia la neutralidad de carbono.

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