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Internal cellular stress, such as cellular injury or hypoxia, triggers intrinsic apoptosis. The B-cell lymphoma 2 (Bcl-2) family of proteins are the primary regulators of the intrinsic apoptotic pathway. For example, during DNA damage, checkpoint proteins, such as Ataxia Telangiectasia Mutated (ATM protein) and Checkpoints Factor-2 (Chk2) proteins, are activated. These proteins phosphorylate p53 which further activates pro-apoptotic proteins, such as Bax, Bak, PUMA, and Noxa, and inhibits...
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Mitochondria, chloroplasts, and gram-negative bacteria have transmembrane, beta-barrel proteins called porins to mediate the free diffusion of ions and metabolites across the membrane. Mitochondrial porin precursors contain conserved amino acid sequences called beta signals at their C-terminal. Beta signals have a  motif of PoXGXXHyXHy (Po-Polar, X-Any amino acid, G-Glycine, Hy-LargeHydrophobic), which are crucial for precursor recognition to initiate precursor assembly. Beta-barrel...
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Porin Insertion in the Outer Mitochondrial Membrane01:12

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Porins are beta-barrel proteins translocated to the mitochondrial outer membrane through the TOM complex into the intermembrane space. Porin precursors bind TIM chaperones within the intermembrane space and are guided to the Sorting and Assembly Machinery complex or SAM complex on the outer mitochondrial membrane.
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Caspase, a family of cysteine proteases, serve as effectors in apoptosis. The ced3 gene in C.elegans was first identified to be involved in apoptosis. This gene encodes the ced-3 caspase that is similar to the interleukin-1-beta converting enzyme or ICE in mammals. In addition to apoptosis, caspases also function in the inflammatory response. Inflammatory caspases are essential in activating pro-inflammatory cytokines that recruit immune cells and block the replication of pathogens inside...
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The extrinsic apoptotic pathway is initiated when extracellular death-inducing signals, such as specific cytokines, activate the death receptors expressed on the cell surface. The immune cells involved in this pathway are natural killer cells (NK cells) and cytotoxic T-lymphocytes. NK cells are critical in innate immune response, while cytotoxic T-lymphocytes are associated with adaptive immune response. These cells recognize specific receptors expressed on the altered cells and activate...
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Blebs are a type of membrane protrusion formed by the internal hydrostatic pressure of the cytoplasm. Blebs are observed in several cell types, including fibroblasts, immune cells, and single-celled organisms like the amoeba. The primary function of blebs is cell locomotion and apoptosis, but they are also found during necrosis and cell division. The life cycle of a bleb comprises an initiation phase followed by the expansion and retraction phases.
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Bases estructurales de la formación de los poros BAX

Ying Zhang1, Lu Tian1, Gaoxingyu Huang2,3,4

  • 1Beijing Frontier Research Center for Biological Structure, Tsinghua-Peking Joint Center for Life Sciences, School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China.

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La proteína BAX forma varias estructuras similares a anillos para desencadenar la apoptosis mediante la permeabilización de las membranas mitocondriales. La comprensión del ensamblaje de oligómeros BAX revela su mecanismo en la muerte celular.

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Área de la Ciencia:

  • Biología molecular
  • Biología celular
  • Biología estructural

Sus antecedentes:

  • La proteína BAX es crucial para iniciar la apoptosis, la vía programada de muerte celular.
  • Los monómeros BAX citosólicos se translocan a las mitocondrias, permeabilizando la membrana externa para desencadenar la muerte celular.

Objetivo del estudio:

  • Para aclarar la base estructural de la oligomerización BAX y su papel en la permeabilización de la membrana externa mitocondrial.
  • Identificar la unidad de repetición fundamental de los oligómeros de BAX.

Principales métodos:

  • Microscopía criolectrónica (Cryo-EM) con una resolución de 3,2 angstroms.
  • Caracterización estructural de las formas oligoméricas BAX (arcos, líneas, anillos).
  • Análisis de las interacciones y mutaciones de los protómeros BAX.

Principales resultados:

  • Un dímero de dímeros BAX identificados como la unidad de repetición básica.
  • Caracterización estructural de las unidades repetitivas BAX y su ensamblaje en oligómeros de orden superior (tetragón, pentagón, hexágono, heptagón).
  • Las mutaciones específicas en la interfaz interprotomérica BAX perjudican la formación de poros y la función proapoptótica.

Conclusiones:

  • El principio de ensamblaje de los oligómeros BAX proporciona una base estructural para comprender la permeabilización de la membrana mediada por BAX.
  • La oligomerización de BAX es un mecanismo clave que controla su actividad proapoptótica.