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Combustion Energy: A Measure of Stability in Alkanes and Cycloalkanes02:14

Combustion Energy: A Measure of Stability in Alkanes and Cycloalkanes

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The low reactivity in alkanes can be attributed to the non-polar nature of C–C and C–H σ bonds. Alkanes, therefore, were  initially termed as “paraffins,” derived from the Latin words: parum, meaning “too little,” and affinis, meaning “affinity.”
Alkanes undergo combustion in the presence of excess oxygen and high-temperature conditions to give carbon dioxide and water. A combustion reaction is the energy source in natural gas, liquified...
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Thermal and Photochemical Electrocyclic Reactions: Overview01:26

Thermal and Photochemical Electrocyclic Reactions: Overview

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Electrocyclic reactions are reversible reactions. They involve an intramolecular cyclization or ring-opening of a conjugated polyene. Shown below are two examples of electrocyclic reactions. In the first reaction, the formation of the cyclic product is favored. In contrast, in the second reaction, ring-opening is favored due to the high ring strain associated with cyclobutene formation.
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Mechanisms of Heat Transfer I01:14

Mechanisms of Heat Transfer I

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Just as interesting as the effects of heat transfer on a system are the methods by which the heat transfer occur. Whenever there is a temperature difference, heat transfer occurs. It may occur rapidly, such as through a cooking pan, or slowly, such as through the walls of a picnic ice box. So many processes involve heat transfer that it is hard to imagine a situation where no heat transfer occurs. Yet, every heat transfer takes place by only three methods: conduction, convection, and radiation.
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Burn Injuries01:22

Burn Injuries

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Burn injuries occur when the skin and underlying tissues are damaged due to exposure to heat, electricity, chemicals, radiation, or friction. They can vary in severity, from minor superficial burns to severe deep burns that can be life-threatening.
The damage results in the death of skin cells, which can lead to a massive loss of fluid. Dehydration, electrolyte imbalance, and renal and circulatory failure follow, which can be fatal. Burn patients are treated with intravenous fluids to offset...
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Internal Combustion Engine01:20

Internal Combustion Engine

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The internal combustion engine is a heat engine that uses the byproducts of combustion as the working fluid instead of using a heat transfer medium to transfer heat. The combustion is done in a way that produces high-pressure combustion products that can be expanded through a turbine or piston to create work. Internal combustion engines can again be categorized into three kinds: (1) spark ignition gasoline engines, most commonly used in automobiles, (2) compression ignition diesel engines that...
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Flame Photometry: Overview01:02

Flame Photometry: Overview

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Flame photometry, also known as flame emission spectrometry, is a technique used for the qualitative and quantitative analysis of elements present in a sample using a flame as the source of excitation energy. The concept of flame photometry was realized in the early 1860s by Kirchhoff and Bunsen, who discovered that specific elements emit characteristic radiation when excited in flames. The first instrument developed for this purpose was used to measure sodium (Na) in plant ash using a Bunsen...
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Fecal Microbiota Transplantation via Colonoscopy for Recurrent C. difficile Infection
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Diverticulitis: un repaso

Rebecca F Brown1, Kerri Lopez1, Charlotte B Smith2

  • 1Division of Colorectal Surgery, Department of Surgery, University of Maryland, Baltimore.

JAMA
|July 24, 2025
PubMed
Resumen
Este resumen es generado por máquina.

La diverticulitis, una inflamación de las bolsas intestinales, afecta a 180.000 personas anualmente en los Estados Unidos. El tratamiento varía desde la observación para los casos no complicados hasta los antibióticos y la cirugía para la diverticulitis complicada.

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Área de la Ciencia:

  • Gastroenterología
  • Médico interno

Sus antecedentes:

  • La diverticulosis involucra a los sacos intestinales; la diverticulitis es su inflamación.
  • Afecta a 180.000 al año en los EE.UU., con importantes costos de atención médica.
  • Los factores de riesgo incluyen la edad, la genética, la obesidad, ciertos medicamentos y enfermedades crónicas.

Objetivo del estudio:

  • Describir la incidencia, los factores de riesgo, el diagnóstico y el tratamiento de la diverticulitis.
  • Para diferenciar entre la diverticulitis sin complicaciones y las complicadas.
  • Orientar las estrategias de tratamiento en función de la gravedad de la enfermedad y los factores del paciente.

Principales métodos:

  • Revisión de la literatura sobre la epidemiología de la diverticulitis, los factores de riesgo y la presentación clínica.
  • Análisis de las modalidades de diagnóstico, centradas en las tomografías computarizadas con contraste mejorado.
  • Revisión de las directrices de tratamiento actuales para la diverticulitis no complicada y complicada.

Principales resultados:

  • La incidencia de diverticulitis es de 180 por cada 100.000 en los Estados Unidos.
  • La TC mejorada por contraste tiene una sensibilidad de >98% y una especificidad para el diagnóstico de >99%.
  • El 85% de los casos no tienen complicaciones, se manejan con observación y control del dolor.

Conclusiones:

  • El tratamiento de la diverticulitis sin complicaciones implica observación y alivio del dolor; los antibióticos están reservados para grupos específicos de pacientes.
  • La diverticulitis complicada requiere antibióticos intravenosos y procedimientos potencialmente invasivos como el drenaje o la resección.
  • Las decisiones de tratamiento se adaptan a la gravedad de la enfermedad, las comorbilidades del paciente y los síntomas sistémicos.