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La deficiencia de litio y la aparición de la enfermedad de Alzheimer
Liviu Aron1, Zhen Kai Ngian1, Chenxi Qiu1
1Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.
Nature
|August 6, 2025
Resumen
Los niveles endógenos de litio (Li) disminuyen en el envejecimiento cerebral y se reducen en el deterioro cognitivo leve y en el Alzheimer.
Área de la Ciencia:
- La neurociencia
- Biología molecular
- Gerontología
Sus antecedentes:
- Los cambios moleculares tempranos en la enfermedad de Alzheimer (EA) siguen sin estar claros.
- La regulación endógena del litio (Li) en el cerebro y su papel en el envejecimiento cognitivo no se comprenden bien.
Objetivo del estudio:
- Investigar el papel del litio endógeno en la preservación cognitiva durante el envejecimiento.
- Para determinar si los niveles de litio están alterados en el deterioro cognitivo leve (MCI) y la EA.
- Para explorar la terapia de reemplazo de litio para la EA.
Principales métodos:
- Análisis de los niveles de metales en muestras de cerebro humano (MCI y AD).
- Agotamiento dietético del litio en modelos de ratón de tipo salvaje y de AD.
- Evaluación de la deposición de beta amiloide, acumulación de fosfato tau, neuroinflamación, pérdida sináptica y función cognitiva.
- Secuenciación de ARN de un solo núcleo (snRNA-seq) para analizar cambios en el transcriptoma.
- Tratamiento con orotato de litio en modelos de ratón.
Principales resultados:
- El litio fue el único metal analizado significativamente reducido en cerebros con MCI y AD.
- El secuestro de amiloide redujo aún más la biodisponibilidad de Li en la EA.
- El agotamiento del litio en ratones aumentó la patología amiloide-β y fosfo-tau, indujo neuroinflamación, causó daño neuronal y aceleró el deterioro cognitivo.
- La deficiencia de litio alteró los transcriptomas de las células cerebrales, superponiéndose a los cambios asociados con la enfermedad de Alzheimer.
- El tratamiento con orotato de litio evitó cambios patológicos y pérdida de memoria en ratones con Alzheimer y envejecidos.
Conclusiones:
- El litio endógeno juega un papel crucial en la preservación cognitiva y la salud del cerebro.
- La alteración de la homeostasis del litio es un evento temprano en la patogénesis de la enfermedad de Alzheimer.
- La terapia de reemplazo de litio, particularmente con sales que evitan el amiloide, muestra potencial para la prevención y el tratamiento de la EA.
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