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Estudio cuantitativo del relleno de muestras de amplitud cero en la codificación AAC de iOS: consistencia entre
1Colorado Springs, Colorado, USA.
Journal of forensic sciences
|August 20, 2025
Resumen
La codificación avanzada de audio (AAC) de iOS en los memorandos de voz muestra una variabilidad significativa, lo que afecta el hashing forense del flujo de audio. El ruido de fondo también afecta al relleno, lo que requiere métodos de verificación adaptativos para las pruebas digitales.
Área de la Ciencia:
- Ciencias Forenses Digitales
- Ingeniería de audio
- Ciencias de la computación
Sus antecedentes:
- El relleno de muestra de amplitud cero (zero-padding) se inserta automáticamente durante la codificación de audio avanzada (AAC) por aplicaciones iOS.
- Este relleno puede alterar la estructura de datos de audio decodificada, afectando potencialmente la fiabilidad del hashing de flujo de audio forense.
- El contenido de audio perceptivo no se ve afectado por este relleno cero.
Objetivo del estudio:
- Para analizar cuantitativamente la consistencia de relleno cero en los dispositivos y modelos iOS.
- Examinar la influencia del ruido de fondo en el relleno cero durante la codificación AAC.
- Proporcionar una base para los métodos de verificación forense adaptativos para el hashing de flujo de audio.
Principales métodos:
- Se analizaron 100 grabaciones M4A (AAC) de 11 dispositivos iPhone (5 modelos).
- Se utilizaron condiciones controladas de ruido de fondo alto y bajo.
- Se midió el relleno cero previo a la señal utilizando MATLAB, Pydub y Py-audioread.
Principales resultados:
- Se observó una variabilidad significativa en el relleno previo a la señal, que superaba el valor de iniciación de 1024 muestras documentado por Apple (mediana: 2070,5 muestras).
- El aumento del ruido de fondo se asoció con una reducción del relleno previo a la señal.
- Las mediciones de relleno antes de la señal fueron consistentes en todas las herramientas de análisis, mientras que el relleno después de la señal mostró variabilidad dependiente de la herramienta.
Conclusiones:
- La codificación AAC de iOS exhibe un relleno cero inconsistente, un hashing de flujo de audio forense desafiante.
- El ruido de fondo influye significativamente en el relleno cero, lo que requiere consideración en los análisis forenses.
- Los hallazgos apoyan el desarrollo de métodos de verificación forense adaptativos para mejorar la fiabilidad de las pruebas digitales.
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