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Alteraciones del sueño en la esclerosis lateral amiotrófica

Christina Lang¹

¹Department of Neurology, University Hospital of Ulm, Ulm, Germany.

Current opinion in neurology

|August 20, 2025

Resumen

Los trastornos del sueño en la esclerosis lateral amiotrófica (ELA) son indicadores tempranos de la enfermedad, no solo consecuencias del deterioro motor. Abordar los problemas del sueño puede ofrecer nuevos objetivos terapéuticos para la ELA.

Área de la Ciencia:

La neurociencia
Medicina del sueño
Neurología

Sus antecedentes:

Los trastornos del sueño son cada vez más reconocidos como parte integral de la fisiopatología de la esclerosis lateral amiotrófica (ELA).
Estas alteraciones pueden preceder a los síntomas motores manifiestos, lo que sugiere un papel en los primeros procesos de la enfermedad.

Objetivo del estudio:

Revisar la evidencia reciente sobre los trastornos del sueño en la esclerosis lateral amiotrófica (ELA).
Hacer hincapié en el papel de las alteraciones del sueño como características intrínsecas de la ELA, no solo como consecuencias del deterioro motor.

Principales métodos:

Revisión de los datos emergentes sobre los trastornos del sueño en la ELA.
Análisis de estudios polisomnográficos y datos de cohorte.
Examen de las alteraciones estructurales y funcionales del hipotálamo.

Principales resultados:

Los trastornos del sueño como la fragmentación y los cambios circadianos a menudo preceden a los síntomas motores en la ELA.
Los cambios hipotalámicos están implicados en la desregulación del sueño-vigilia.
El deterioro del aclaramiento glinfático durante el sueño puede exacerbar la neurodegeneración.
Las anomalías del sueño prodromales se encuentran en pacientes sintomáticos y portadores de genes.

Conclusiones:

Las alteraciones del sueño en la ELA son indicadores tempranos y potenciales moduladores de la progresión de la enfermedad.
El hipotálamo y el sistema glifático son los principales contribuyentes a estos trastornos del sueño.
El sueño representa un objetivo terapéutico potencial para el diagnóstico precoz y la modificación de la enfermedad en la ELA.

Palabras clave:

esclerosis lateral amiotrófica sistema glinfático el hipotálamo el sueño

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