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Trastornos mentales, del comportamiento y del desarrollo entre niños estadounidenses con y sin enfermedades
Amanda N Dorsey1,2, Karrie F Downing2, Melissa Danielson2
1Department of Epidemiology, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA.
Cardiology in the young
|August 20, 2025
Resumen
Los niños con enfermedades cardíacas tienen tasas significativamente más altas de trastornos mentales, de comportamiento y de desarrollo. La ansiedad, el TDAH y las dificultades de aprendizaje son las más comunes, a menudo relacionadas con experiencias adversas de la infancia.
Área de la Ciencia:
- Cardiología Pediátrica
- Pediatría del desarrollo
- Psicología infantil
Sus antecedentes:
- Los niños con enfermedades cardíacas, incluidos los defectos cardíacos congénitos (CHD), se enfrentan a mayores riesgos de problemas neurológicos y psicosociales.
- Comprender la prevalencia de trastornos mentales, de comportamiento y de desarrollo en esta población es crucial para la intervención temprana.
Objetivo del estudio:
- Comparar la prevalencia nacional de trastornos mentales, del comportamiento y del desarrollo en los niños en función del estado de la enfermedad cardíaca.
- Identificar las características asociadas con estos trastornos en niños con enfermedades cardíacas.
Principales métodos:
- Análisis de datos representativos a nivel nacional de la Encuesta Nacional de Salud Infantil (2016-2021) para niños estadounidenses de 6 a 17 años (excluidos los con síndrome de Down).
- Datos informados por los cuidadores sobre trastornos mentales, de comportamiento y de desarrollo diagnosticados.
- Se utilizó la regresión logística para comparar la prevalencia e identificar los factores asociados.
Principales resultados:
- Los niños con afecciones cardíacas tenían una prevalencia del 42% de los trastornos examinados, en comparación con el 23% de los niños sin afecciones cardíacas (APR = 1,8).
- Todos los trastornos analizados fueron más frecuentes en niños con afecciones cardíacas, siendo las más comunes la ansiedad (22,1%), el TDAH (20,4%) y las dificultades de aprendizaje (19,6%).
- Entre los niños con afecciones cardíacas, los trastornos se asociaron constantemente con un mayor número de experiencias adversas en la infancia.
Conclusiones:
- Los hallazgos subrayan la importancia de las directrices clínicas para el cribado del desarrollo neurológico y la salud mental en niños con afecciones cardíacas.
- El estudio proporciona una línea de base nacional para evaluar la aplicación de estas directrices cruciales.
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