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Creencias sobre los efectos de los comportamientos de salud en el riesgo de cáncer: hallazgos de la Encuesta Nacional
Christine M Swoboda1, Olivia Pardi2, Ann Scheck McAlearney2,3
1The Center for the Advancement of Team Science, Analytics, and Systems Thinking in Health Services and Implementation Science Research (CATALYST), College of Medicine, The Ohio State University, 700 Ackerman Rd, Suite 4101, Columbus, OH, 43202, USA. Christine.swoboda@osumc.edu.
Cancer causes & control : CCC
|August 20, 2025
Resumen
Las creencias sobre el riesgo de cáncer varían, con las mujeres y ciertos grupos raciales / étnicos más propensos a vincular múltiples comportamientos con un mayor riesgo de cáncer. Los mensajes de salud pública deben aclarar los factores de riesgo y promover cambios de comportamiento alcanzables para la prevención del cáncer.
Área de la Ciencia:
- Salud pública
- Prevención del cáncer
- Investigación sobre el comportamiento de la salud
Sus antecedentes:
- Las creencias con respecto a los factores de riesgo de cáncer y la prevención del cáncer difieren entre las poblaciones.
- Comprender estas creencias es crucial para las intervenciones efectivas de salud pública.
Objetivo del estudio:
- Para evaluar las creencias de la población sobre los comportamientos de prevención del cáncer.
- Para examinar las creencias relacionadas con el fatalismo del cáncer.
Principales métodos:
- Se utilizaron datos de 6252 encuestados de la Encuesta Nacional de Tendencias de Información de Salud (HINTS) de 2022.
- Empleó modelos de regresión ordinal multivariables para analizar las asociaciones entre la demografía, los comportamientos de salud, el fatalismo del cáncer y las creencias sobre los factores de riesgo del cáncer.
Principales resultados:
- Las mujeres mostraron mayores probabilidades de creer que el alcohol, la carne procesada, la carne roja y la comida rápida aumentan significativamente el riesgo de cáncer.
- Los encuestados negros, hispanos y de otras razas eran más propensos a identificar la carne procesada como un factor de riesgo; Los encuestados hispanos también vincularon las bebidas gaseosas, el alcohol, la carne roja, la comida rápida y la baja ingesta de frutas y verduras con un mayor riesgo.
- Las personas que perciben progresos en la prevención del cáncer eran más propensas a creer que las bebidas gaseosas, el alcohol, la carne procesada, la carne roja y la ingesta insuficiente de frutas y verduras elevan el riesgo de cáncer.
Conclusiones:
- Si bien existe una conciencia general sobre el impacto de la nutrición, el alcohol y el sueño en el riesgo de cáncer, grupos demográficos específicos (mujeres, adultos mayores, razas no blancas) perciben múltiples comportamientos como factores de riesgo significativos.
- La comunicación de prevención del cáncer no solo debe educar sobre los comportamientos asociados al riesgo, sino también guiar a las personas a realizar modificaciones realistas en el estilo de vida.
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