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Reduction of Alkenes: Asymmetric Catalytic Hydrogenation

Reduction of Alkenes: Asymmetric Catalytic Hydrogenation

Catalytic hydrogenation of alkenes is a transition-metal catalyzed reduction of the double bond using molecular hydrogen to give alkanes. The mode of hydrogen addition follows syn stereochemistry.
The metal catalyst used can be either heterogeneous or homogeneous. When hydrogenation of an alkene generates a chiral center, a pair of enantiomeric products is expected to form. However, an enantiomeric excess of one of the products can be facilitated using an enantioselective reaction or an...

Reduction of Alkenes: Catalytic Hydrogenation

Reduction of Alkenes: Catalytic Hydrogenation

Alkenes undergo reduction by the addition of molecular hydrogen to give alkanes. Because the process generally occurs in the presence of a transition-metal catalyst, the reaction is called catalytic hydrogenation.
Metals like palladium, platinum, and nickel are commonly used in their solid forms — fine powder on an inert surface. As these catalysts remain insoluble in the reaction mixture, they are referred to as heterogeneous catalysts.
The hydrogenation process takes place on the...

Reduction of Benzene to Cyclohexane: Catalytic Hydrogenation

Reduction of Benzene to Cyclohexane: Catalytic Hydrogenation

Unlike the easy catalytic hydrogenation of an alkene double bond, hydrogenation of a benzene double bond under similar reaction conditions does not take place easily. For example, in the reduction of stilbene, the benzene ring remains unaffected while the alkene bond gets reduced. Hydrogenation of an alkene double bond is exothermic and a favorable process. In contrast, to hydrogenate the first unsaturated bond of benzene, an energy input is needed; that is, the process is endothermic. This is...

Reduction of Alkynes to cis-Alkenes: Catalytic Hydrogenation

Reduction of Alkynes to cis-Alkenes: Catalytic Hydrogenation

Introduction
Like alkenes, alkynes can be reduced to alkanes in the presence of transition metal catalysts such as Pt, Pd, or Ni. The reaction involves two sequential syn additions of hydrogen via a cis-alkene intermediate.

Catalysis

Catalysis

The presence of a catalyst affects the rate of a chemical reaction. A catalyst is a substance that can increase the reaction rate without being consumed during the process. A basic comprehension of a catalysts’ role during chemical reactions can be understood from the concept of reaction mechanisms and energy diagrams.

Regioselectivity and Stereochemistry of Acid-Catalyzed Hydration

Regioselectivity and Stereochemistry of Acid-Catalyzed Hydration

The rate of acid-catalyzed hydration of alkenes depends on the alkene's structure, as the presence of alkyl substituents at the double bond can significantly influence the rate.

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Updated: Sep 10, 2025

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Catalizadores amorfos de una sola capa de CuPd para la semihidrogenación selectiva

Haosen Yang^1,2, Bozhou Yan³, Yufeng Xue³

¹State Key Laboratory of Bioinspired Interfacial Materials Science, Bioinspired Science Innovation Center, Hangzhou International Innovation Institute, Beihang University, Hangzhou, China.

Science advances

|August 20, 2025

Resumen

Los nanomateriales amorfos ofrecen un rendimiento catalítico superior debido a su estructura desordenada única. Este estudio desarrolló un catalizador amorfo de cobre-palladio (CuPd), logrando una alta selectividad y conversión para aplicaciones catalíticas mejoradas.

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Área de la Ciencia:

Ciencias de los materiales
Catálisis
Nanotecnología

Sus antecedentes:

Los nanomateriales amorfos exhiben propiedades estructurales únicas como arreglos atómicos desordenados y sitios activos expuestos.
Estas propiedades permiten un rendimiento catalítico excepcional, uniendo la catálisis homogénea y heterogénea.
Los catalizadores cristalinos a menudo se enfrentan a limitaciones en su actividad y selectividad.

Objetivo del estudio:

Fabricar un catalizador amorfo de cobre y paladio (CuPd) con vías de transporte de hidrógeno diseñadas.
Investigar el impacto de la configuración atómica/electrónica desordenada en el rendimiento catalítico.
Establecer un marco de diseño generalizado para catalizadores amorfos de alto rendimiento.

Principales métodos:

Incorporación de iones de cobre (Cu) en una red de paladio (Pd) desordenada.
Creación de una arquitectura amorfa de una sola capa.
Caracterización de la configuración atómica y electrónica y las vías de transporte de hidrógeno.

Principales resultados:

El catalizador amorfo de CuPd logró una selectividad del 96,2% a una conversión del 99,1% en condiciones suaves.
Se demostró una alta actividad catalítica con un tiempo de vuelo de 6004 horas-1.
Se observó una configuración de adsorción y fuerza de unión optimizadas entre los sustratos y las superficies del catalizador.

Conclusiones:

Las arquitecturas amorfas proporcionan un marco de diseño generalizado para catalizadores avanzados.
Disposiciones atómicas desordenadas, sitios activos distribuidos uniformemente y energías de adsorción ajustables son la clave para un alto rendimiento.
Los catalizadores amorfos ofrecen una selectividad y actividad superiores en comparación con los sistemas cristalinos tradicionales.