Efectos de las intervenciones de actividad física y nutrición con participación de los padres en adolescentes de 10 a 13 años: un metanálisis

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Lorraine B Robbins¹, Teresa J Ng², Jessica Sender³

¹Michigan State University College of Nursing, East Lansing, MI, USA. robbin76@msu.edu.

Archives of public health = Archives belges de sante publique

|August 21, 2025

Resumen

La participación de los padres en la actividad física (AP) y las intervenciones nutricionales pueden ayudar a reducir la obesidad en los adolescentes jóvenes. Estos programas muestran potencial para mejorar el índice de masa corporal (IMC) y otros resultados de salud relacionados con el peso.

Área de la Ciencia:

Salud de los adolescentes
Prevención de la obesidad
Intervenciones de salud pública

Sus antecedentes:

La obesidad infantil (10-13 años) plantea importantes riesgos para la salud.
El apoyo de los padres es crucial para la actividad física y la nutrición de los adolescentes.
Se necesitan intervenciones que involucren a los padres para abordar este problema.

Objetivo del estudio:

Evaluar el impacto de las intervenciones de AP y nutrición con participación de los padres.
Evaluar los efectos sobre el índice de masa corporal (IMC), la actividad física de moderada a vigorosa (AVM), el porcentaje de grasa corporal y la circunferencia de la cintura.
Para sintetizar la evidencia de los estudios existentes a través de un metanálisis.

Principales métodos:

Búsqueda exhaustiva de la literatura a través de varias bases de datos (CINAHL, PubMed, Cochrane, etc.) hasta el año 2023.
Incluir ensayos controlados aleatorios y estudios cuasi-experimentales con grupos de control.
Metaanálisis utilizando el modelo de efectos aleatorios de Hedges, siguiendo las directrices de PRISMA.

Principales resultados:

Diecinueve estudios (6.582 adolescentes) mostraron tamaños de efecto agrupados: IMC (g=- 0, 30), MVPA (g=- 0, 31), porcentaje de grasa corporal (g=- 0, 37), circunferencia de la cintura (g=- 0, 34).
Las intervenciones basadas en el tratamiento demostraron mayores efectos en la reducción del IMC, la grasa corporal y la circunferencia de la cintura en comparación con las basadas en la prevención.
Los efectos de seguimiento en el IMC fueron mínimos (g=- 0.07).

Conclusiones:

Las intervenciones con participación de los padres son prometedoras para reducir el IMC de los adolescentes y mejorar la salud relacionada con el peso.
El sesgo de publicación en el IMC de los padres y la alta heterogeneidad en el IMC/circunferencia de la cintura justifican una interpretación cautelosa.
Este metanálisis proporciona una base para futuras investigaciones en la prevención de la obesidad en adolescentes.

Palabras clave:

Adolescentes Índice de masa corporal Una alimentación saludable Los padres Actividad física Circunferencia de la cintura Estado del peso

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