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Asociación entre la infección aguda por COVID-19 y el COVID prolongado en una población no hospitalizada: un estudio

Nicolás Escrivá^1,2, Laura Moreno-Galarraga^3,4, Elena Barado⁵

¹Department of Occupational Medicine Complejo Hospitalario de Navarra Navarra Spain.

Health science reports

|August 21, 2025

Resumen

El COVID-19 agudo severo aumenta el riesgo de COVID largo. Más síntomas durante la infección inicial, especialmente disnea y dolor en el pecho, aumentan significativamente las probabilidades de desarrollar COVID largo y deterioro funcional.

Área de la Ciencia:

Enfermedades infecciosas
Epidemiología
Salud pública

Sus antecedentes:

El COVID largo (LC) presenta síntomas persistentes después de la infección por SARS-CoV-2, con una fisiopatología poco clara.
La identificación de los factores de riesgo de la fase aguda es crucial para comprender el desarrollo de la LC.
Este estudio se centra en individuos no hospitalizados para evaluar el impacto de los síntomas agudos en el riesgo de LC.

Objetivo del estudio:

Investigar la asociación entre los síntomas agudos de COVID-19 y el riesgo de COVID largo.
Evaluar el impacto del COVID largo en el estado funcional en una cohorte no hospitalizada.
Identificar los síntomas agudos específicos que predicen el desarrollo del COVID largo.

Principales métodos:

Estudio retrospectivo de casos y controles (mayo de 2022 a marzo de 2024) con 434 participantes.
Clasificaron a los participantes en casos de COVID largo (n=226) y controles (n=208).
Se recogieron datos sociodemográficos, clínicos y de estilo de vida; se evaluó la gravedad de los síntomas agudos y el estado funcional (escala PCFS); se utilizaron análisis de regresión.

Principales resultados:

El COVID-19 agudo grave (neumonía / hospitalización) aumentó significativamente el riesgo de LC (aOR = 7,22).
Cada síntoma agudo adicional aumentó las probabilidades de LC en un 52% (aOR=1,52).
La disnea y el dolor en el pecho fueron los síntomas agudos más fuertemente asociados con Long COVID.

Conclusiones:

La gravedad aguda del COVID-19 y la carga de síntomas están vinculadas al desarrollo del COVID largo.
Estos factores también se correlacionan con el deterioro funcional a largo plazo.
La identificación temprana y el seguimiento son vitales para los pacientes con síntomas iniciales graves de COVID-19.

Palabras clave:

Secuelas del SARS-CoV-2 COVID-19 agudo largo covid Escala de estado funcional después de la COVID

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