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El efecto del programa de reducción del riesgo de cáncer de mama aplicado a mujeres con alto riesgo de cáncer de mama
Habibe Ozcelik1, Sebahat Gozum
1Author Affiliation: Department of Public Health Nursing, Faculty of Nursing, Akdeniz University, Antalya, Turkey.
Cancer nursing
|August 21, 2025
Resumen
Un programa de reducción del riesgo de cáncer de mama aumentó significativamente la participación en el cribado y mejoró los comportamientos de salud en mujeres de alto riesgo. El programa influyó positivamente en las creencias sobre la salud, pero no redujo el temor.
Área de la Ciencia:
- En el campo de la oncología
- La medicina preventiva
- Psicología de la salud
Sus antecedentes:
- Las mujeres con antecedentes familiares de cáncer de mama de aparición temprana (diagnóstico ≤50 años) se enfrentan a un riesgo personal elevado.
- Los antecedentes familiares son un indicador crítico para la evaluación del riesgo de cáncer de mama.
Objetivo del estudio:
- Evaluar la eficacia de un programa de reducción del riesgo de cáncer de mama (BrCaRRP).
- Evaluar el impacto de BrCaRRP en los comportamientos de reducción de riesgos, las creencias de salud y la adherencia al cribado en mujeres de alto riesgo.
Principales métodos:
- Un ensayo controlado aleatorizado de un solo centro y un solo ciego que involucra a familiares de primer grado de pacientes con cáncer de mama de inicio temprano.
- El grupo de intervención (n=38) recibió apoyo multidisciplinario de 12 semanas (educación, asesoramiento, gestión de casos) basado en creencias de salud y modelos de promoción de la salud.
- El grupo de control (n=39) recibió información estándar y atención clínica.
Principales resultados:
- La participación en BrCaRRP aumentó la probabilidad de detección del cáncer de mama en 5,11 veces.
- Se observaron mejoras significativas en la motivación por la salud, la responsabilidad por la salud y la actividad física dentro del grupo de intervención.
- No se observaron cambios significativos en la susceptibilidad percibida o en los comportamientos nutricionales; aumentaron las consultas de asesoramiento genético.
Conclusiones:
- El Programa de Reducción del Riesgo del Cáncer de Mama mejoró efectivamente la participación en el cribado del cáncer de mama y modificó positivamente las creencias y comportamientos de salud.
- Si bien es efectivo para el cribado y los comportamientos de salud, el programa requiere estrategias complementarias para abordar el miedo persistente.
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