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Audición y adversidad en la vida temprana: efectos del estrés del desarrollo en el procesamiento sensorial
Merri J Rosen1,2,3, Julia J Huyck4,5,6,7
1Hearing Research Group, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Northeast Ohio Medical University, Rootstown, OH, USA. mrosen@neomed.edu.
Resumen
La pérdida temprana de audición en los niños puede empeorar con el estrés. La adversidad temprana en la vida intensifica los desafíos para los niños con pérdida auditiva, pero las intervenciones dirigidas a la privación sensorial y el estrés pueden ayudar.
Área de la Ciencia:
- La neurociencia
- Psicología del desarrollo
- Audiología
Sus antecedentes:
- La pérdida temprana de audición en los niños conduce a dificultades en la percepción auditiva y el procesamiento del lenguaje.
- Los niños con pérdida auditiva enfrentan mayores riesgos de déficits lingüísticos, cognitivos y socioemocionales, especialmente cuando están expuestos a entornos estresantes como el bajo estatus socioeconómico.
- Los circuitos neuronales para el lenguaje y el procesamiento auditivo se desarrollan en base a experiencias auditivas, pero también se ven afectados por el estrés de la vida temprana.
Objetivo del estudio:
- Revisar cómo el estrés temprano de la vida afecta el procesamiento sensorial en niños con pérdida auditiva.
- Explorar los mecanismos que vinculan el estrés, la plasticidad del desarrollo y el eje hipotálamo-adrenal-hipófisis (HPA) en el contexto de la pérdida auditiva.
- Sugerir enfoques interdisciplinarios para mejorar los desafíos que enfrentan los niños con pérdida auditiva y la adversidad en la vida temprana.
Principales métodos:
- Revisión de las pruebas acumuladas de modelos animales y experimentos recientes.
- Análisis del impacto del estrés en los circuitos sensoriales y la plasticidad del desarrollo.
- Examen del papel del eje hipotalámico-adrenal-hipófisis (HPA).
Principales resultados:
- El estrés puede exacerbar los déficits sensoriales en la pérdida auditiva del desarrollo.
- La actividad alterada del eje de estrés HPA y los cambios en los mecanismos de plasticidad del desarrollo impulsan estos efectos.
- La adversidad de la vida temprana intensifica los desafíos para los niños con pérdida auditiva.
Conclusiones:
- Las intervenciones dirigidas tanto a la privación sensorial como al estrés pueden mejorar los desafíos para los niños con pérdida auditiva expuestos a la adversidad en la vida temprana.
- Un enfoque interdisciplinario es crucial para comprender y abordar las complejas necesidades de estos niños.
- Las estrategias de intervención temprana deben tener en cuenta el impacto combinado de la pérdida auditiva y los factores estresantes ambientales.
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