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catalizador a base de cobalto para la síntesis de amoníaco en condiciones ambientales mediante confinamiento

Keran Lv¹, Mengqian Xu¹, Li Yang¹

¹Institute of Frontier Chemistry, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shandong University, Qingdao, China.

Nature communications

|August 23, 2025

Resumen

Un nuevo catalizador de cobalto permite la síntesis continua de amoníaco en condiciones ambientales utilizando la mecanoquímica. Este método sostenible reduce significativamente el consumo de energía y la huella de carbono, ofreciendo una alternativa prometedora al proceso tradicional Haber-Bosch.

Área de la Ciencia:

Ciencias de los materiales
Catálisis
Química ecológica

Sus antecedentes:

El proceso Haber-Bosch es intensivo en energía, representando aproximadamente el 2% del consumo mundial de energía y el 1,3% de la huella de carbono antropogénica.
El desarrollo de métodos sostenibles de síntesis de amoníaco con emisiones mínimas de carbono en condiciones ambientales es un desafío crítico.

Objetivo del estudio:

Informar sobre un nuevo catalizador basado en cobalto para la síntesis continua de amoníaco en condiciones ambientales a través de la mecanoquímica.
Investigar la mecanoquímica de la síntesis de amoníaco utilizando cálculos de la teoría funcional de la densidad (DFT).

Principales métodos:

Utilizó la teoría funcional de la densidad (DFT) para modelar los efectos de confinamiento transitorios en catalizadores de doble sitio (Fe, Co, Ni, Cu, Ag).
Se ha llevado a cabo una validación experimental utilizando polvos de cobalto en un reactor mecanoquímico para la síntesis de amoníaco.
Actividad catalizadora evaluada, rendimiento de amoníaco y estabilidad a largo plazo en condiciones ambientales.

Principales resultados:

El modelo de cobalto de doble ubicación demostró el mayor efecto de confinamiento transitorio, reduciendo la barrera de energía de 1.3 eV a 0.62 eV.
Los catalizadores de cobalto mostraron una actividad catalítica superior en la síntesis mecanoquímica experimental de amoníaco.
Se logró un rendimiento de amoníaco de 13,7 μmol·g_cat^-1·h^-1 con actividad sostenida durante 350 horas, superando a los métodos existentes a temperatura ambiente.

Conclusiones:

Los catalizadores basados en cobalto son altamente eficaces para la síntesis continua de amoníaco en condiciones ambientales a través de la mecanoquímica.
Este enfoque mecanoquímico ofrece una alternativa sostenible y energéticamente eficiente al proceso Haber-Bosch.
La larga vida útil demostrada del catalizador pone de relieve el potencial de aplicación industrial de este nuevo método de síntesis.

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