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El año práctico: un estudio cualitativo sobre factores de estrés, recursos y mejoras propuestas entre los estudiantes

Lisa Guthardt¹, Syna Franck¹, Thomas Muth¹

¹Institute of Occupational, Social and Environmental Medicine, Centre for Health and Society, Medical Faculty, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Moorenstr. 5, 40225, Düsseldorf, Germany.

BMC medical education

|August 23, 2025

Resumen

Los estudiantes de medicina en el año práctico (PY) de Alemania experimentan un estrés significativo debido a las pesadas cargas de trabajo y la falta de supervisión. Identifican los principales factores estresantes y los recursos, y sugieren mejoras para mejorar las condiciones de formación.

Área de la Ciencia:

Educación médica
Salud en el trabajo

Sus antecedentes:

El año práctico (PY) es el último año académico para los estudiantes de medicina en Alemania, que combina el estudio con la formación clínica.
Las investigaciones anteriores indican altos niveles de estrés para los estudiantes de medicina y los residentes, pero los datos específicos sobre los estudiantes de medicina son limitados.

Objetivo del estudio:

Investigar los factores estresantes y los recursos experimentados por los estudiantes de medicina durante su año práctico en Alemania.
Identificar áreas potenciales de mejora en la formación y las condiciones de trabajo de los jóvenes.

Principales métodos:

Estudio cualitativo en el que se realizan entrevistas semiestructuradas a estudiantes de medicina en una escuela de medicina alemana.
Los participantes fueron reclutados mediante muestreo de bola de nieve.
Las entrevistas fueron transcritas y analizadas mediante análisis de contenido.

Principales resultados:

Los factores de estrés comunes incluyen falta de habilidades / conocimientos, mala supervisión, tareas repetitivas, falta de apreciación y carga de trabajo pesada.
Los recursos identificados fueron la interacción con el paciente, el ambiente de aprendizaje positivo, la supervisión, la capacitación práctica y el equilibrio entre la vida laboral y personal.
Los estudiantes sugirieron un mejor salario, políticas de ausencia revisadas, oportunidades de atención al paciente y enseñanza estructurada.

Conclusiones:

Los estudiantes de PY se enfrentan a múltiples factores estresantes, pero también utilizan los recursos disponibles.
Existe una clara necesidad subjetiva de mejorar las condiciones de trabajo y formación durante el año de investigación.
Se necesitan más investigaciones para cuantificar estas necesidades y evaluar la viabilidad de la intervención.

Palabras clave:

Alemania Educación médica Los estudiantes de medicina El estrés psicológico Bienestar psicológico Investigación cualitativa Enseñanzas

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