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Actividad sexual y uso de anticonceptivos entre adolescentes: una encuesta descriptiva en un municipio de Ghana
Peter Boakye1, Evans Adaboh1, Alberta Yemotsoo Lomotey1
1School of Nursing and Midwifery, College of Health Sciences, Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology, Kumasi, Ghana.
PLOS global public health
|August 25, 2025
Resumen
La actividad sexual adolescente y el uso de anticonceptivos son comunes, y la conciencia aumenta significativamente la absorción. La educación sexual integral y el asesoramiento de pares son cruciales para abordar la iniciación sexual temprana y sus consecuencias.
Área de la Ciencia:
- Salud Reproductiva
- Salud pública de los adolescentes
- Sociología de la sexualidad
Sus antecedentes:
- La actividad sexual de los adolescentes es un problema importante de salud pública en todo el mundo, especialmente en los países en desarrollo.
- La iniciación sexual temprana y el uso inconsistente de anticonceptivos entre las adolescentes contribuyen a los embarazos no deseados y las infecciones de transmisión sexual (ITS).
- A pesar de la conciencia de los métodos anticonceptivos modernos, el uso real sigue siendo subóptimo en este grupo demográfico.
Objetivo del estudio:
- Evaluar la actividad sexual y los patrones de uso de anticonceptivos entre los adolescentes de secundaria.
- Identificar los factores predictivos clave que influyen en la toma de anticonceptivos en esta población.
- Proporcionar datos para intervenciones de salud reproductiva dirigidas a los adolescentes.
Principales métodos:
- Se realizó un estudio transversal en el que participaron 330 adolescentes SHS utilizando un muestreo aleatorio simple.
- Los datos se analizaron utilizando estadísticas descriptivas, la prueba chi-cuadrado de Pearson y la regresión logística binaria.
- Se examinaron las asociaciones entre las variables sociodemográficas, la actividad sexual y el conocimiento de los anticonceptivos y el uso de anticonceptivos.
Principales resultados:
- Más de la mitad de las adolescentes sexualmente activas iniciaron relaciones sexuales entre las edades de 10 y 14 años, y el 79,4% informó haber usado anticonceptivos (principalmente condones y píldoras).
- El conocimiento de los anticonceptivos fue un predictor significativo, con adolescentes sexualmente activos conscientes de los anticonceptivos mostrando mayores probabilidades de uso (AOR = 6,686).
- La prevalencia de las relaciones íntimas (50,3%) y las relaciones sexuales (38%) se observó entre los participantes de 15 a 19 años.
Conclusiones:
- La iniciación sexual temprana y el uso de anticonceptivos son frecuentes entre las adolescentes, lo que pone de relieve la necesidad crítica de servicios de salud reproductiva accesibles.
- Un mayor conocimiento de los métodos anticonceptivos está fuertemente asociado con un mayor uso de anticonceptivos entre las adolescentes sexualmente activas.
- Se recomienda una educación sexual integral y asesoramiento entre pares para mitigar los riesgos asociados con la actividad sexual temprana y promover el uso constante de anticonceptivos.
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