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[Alteraciones del ritmo circadiano y trastornos del desarrollo neurológico]

Deng-Feng Liu1, Yi-Chun Zhang1, Jia-Da Li1

  • 1Center for Medical Genetics, School of Life Sciences, Central South University, Changsha 410078, China.

Sheng li xue bao : [Acta physiologica Sinica]
|August 26, 2025
PubMed
Resumen

Las alteraciones del ritmo circadiano y las mutaciones del gen del reloj contribuyen a los trastornos del desarrollo neurológico (TND) como el autismo y el TDAH, que afectan la salud cognitiva y emocional. Dirigirse al sistema circadiano ofrece nuevos tratamientos potenciales para estas afecciones.

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Área de la Ciencia:

  • La neurociencia
  • La genética
  • Medicina del sueño

Sus antecedentes:

  • Los trastornos del desarrollo neurológico (TND), incluido el trastorno del espectro autista (TEA), el trastorno por déficit de atención e hiperactividad (TDAH) y el trastorno del desarrollo intelectual (TDI), son comunes y carecen de tratamientos efectivos.
  • Los trastornos del sueño se observan con frecuencia en los NDD, en correlación con la gravedad de la enfermedad y la respuesta al tratamiento.
  • La evidencia emergente vincula las interrupciones del ritmo circadiano y las mutaciones en los genes del reloj circadiano con la patogénesis de la NDD.

Objetivo del estudio:

  • Revisar los mecanismos que conectan las alteraciones del ritmo circadiano y las mutaciones del gen del reloj con los déficits cognitivos, conductuales y emocionales en los NDD.
  • Para explorar el papel de la desregulación del sistema de dopamina en estos síntomas relacionados con el NDD.
  • Discutir el potencial terapéutico de dirigirse al sistema circadiano para el tratamiento de NDD.

Principales métodos:

  • Revisión de la literatura de estudios sobre los ritmos circadianos, los genes del reloj y los trastornos del desarrollo neurológico.
  • Análisis de la investigación centrada en la interacción entre la desregulación circadiana y las vías de la dopamina.
  • Síntesis de la evidencia con respecto a las estrategias terapéuticas dirigidas al sistema circadiano.

Principales resultados:

  • Las alteraciones del ritmo circadiano y las mutaciones del gen del reloj están implicadas en la fisiopatología de los NDD.
  • Estas alteraciones pueden conducir a una desregulación del sistema de dopamina, lo que contribuye a los síntomas de NDD.
  • El sistema circadiano presenta un objetivo prometedor para nuevas intervenciones terapéuticas.

Conclusiones:

  • La desregulación del ritmo circadiano es un factor significativo en el desarrollo y la manifestación de los NDD.
  • Comprender estos mecanismos, particularmente la participación del sistema de dopamina, es crucial para el desarrollo terapéutico.
  • Dirigirse al sistema circadiano ofrece un enfoque novedoso y potencialmente efectivo para el tratamiento de NDD.